Metabolism Module 2 Topic 2: Carbohydrate Storage

20 flashcards · Other · by Haroon Chehabzada

1. What is the electron transport chain ?

   The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is a process critical to energy production

2. What does the electron transport chain use ?

   The ETC uses electron shuttles in the cytosol to span the mitochondrial membrane and generate ATP

3. What is the maximum amount of ATP generated ?

   Maximum 36 or 38 ATP

4. What does oxidative phosphorylation enable ?

   Oxidative phosphorylation enables the synthesis of ATP and most ATP comes from these processes

5. What two processes involve Oxidative phosphorylation which is critical to energy production ?

   the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

6. Which different complexes and membrane-bound shuttles are used in electron transport chain ?

   Complex I, Complex II, and Complex III, in span the mitochondria and generate ATP

7. What does the respiratory chain involve ?

   Process by which cells generate energy in the form of ATP

8. What does the respiratory chain do and where is it located ?

   A series of complexes located on the inner mitochondrial membrane which carry out redox reactions

9. What is responsible for transferring electrons to ubiquinone (CoQ)

   Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) and complex II (succinate dehydrogenase)

10. What are cytochromes ?

    Cytochromes are proteins that undergo redox reactions through their heme groups

11. What does the Electron Transport chain generate ?

    The electron transport chain generates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is used by ATP synthase to generate ATP

12. Where is 90% of all oxygen used in the ETC ?

    90% of all oxygen is used by the cell as the terminal electron acceptor in the ETC

13. Where is 10% of all oxygen used in the ETC ?

    10% is used by oxygenases that incorporate oxygen directly into a substrate molecule forming either an OH or COO group

14. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is formed from what ?

    partial oxygen reduction

15. What does ROS include ?

    superoxide anion, peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and hydroxyl ion

16. What can ROS lead to ?

    Oxidative stress which damages proteins, DNA and other biomolecules

17. What neutralises ROS ?

    Enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase neutralize ROS

18. What antioxidants can prevent oxidative stress ?

    glutathione and NADPH

19. Where is ROS most commonly found ?

    mitochondria are superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide

20. What can ROS regulate ?

    mitochondrial function, affect cell signalling, and contribute to disease processes