Human Anatomy and Physiology Module 1 Topic 1 Skeletal System

84 flashcards · Other · by Haroon Chehabzada

1. What are the three types of cartilage tissue?

   The three types of cartilage tissue are hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

2. What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage?

   Hyaline cartilage appears glassy, is most compressible, provides support, and is found in sites with abundant cartilage.

3. What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage?

   Elastic cartilage is more flexible than hyaline cartilage and is found in sites with bending and stretching demands.

4. What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage?

   Fibrocartilage contains thick collagen fibers and resists stretching; it can withstand both pressure and bending.

5. Can cartilage grow? If so, how?

   Yes, cartilage can grow. Appositional growth occurs when cartilage-forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue, while interstitial growth occurs when lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within.

6. What are the functions of the skeleton?

   The functions of the skeleton include support, protection, movement, blood cell formation, storage of minerals and fat.

7. What are the four bone classes and examples of each?

   The four bone classes are long, short, flat, and irregular bones. Examples of each include the femur (long bone), carpals (short bone), sternum (flat bone), and vertebrae (irregular bone).

8. What is the gross anatomy of a typical long bone?

   A typical long bone has red and yellow marrow, articular cartilages, and endosteum. The red marrow is responsible for blood cell formation, while the yellow marrow stores fat. The articular cartilages cover the ends of the bone and reduce friction, while the endosteum lines the medullary cavity and contains osteoprogenitor cells.

9. What is the functional importance of bone markings?

   Bone markings serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments, as well as sites for blood vessel and nerve passage.

10. What is the histology of compact and spongy bone?

    Compact bone is dense and composed of osteons, while spongy bone is porous and composed of trabeculae.

11. What is the chemical composition of bone and its components?

    Bone is composed of both organic (collagen and proteoglycans) and inorganic (calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite) components.

12. What are the functions of bones ?

    Bones support the body. Bones protect soft organs, blood cells, and internal organs. Bones allow movement of skeletal muscles. Bones store minerals and fats.

13. What are the four types of bones?

    Long bones Short bones Flat bones (including short and irregular bones) Irregular bones

14. What are long bones?

    Long bones are considerably longer than they are wide.

15. What are short bones?

    Short bones are cube-shaped.

16. What are flat bones?

    Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved.

17. What are irregular bones?

    Irregular bones are irregular in shape and do not fit in other bone categories.

18. What is compact bone?

    Compact bone is dense and located in the outer layer of bones.

19. What is spongy bone?

    Spongy bone has a mesh of trabeculae and is located in the interior, sandwiched by compact bone.

20. What are long bones, and what are they composed of?

    Long bones are limb bones that are named for their overall shape, not for their size. They are composed of compact bone, spongy bone, and bone marrow.

21. What is the structure of a long bone?

    A long bone has a diaphysis (shaft) and epiphyses (ends). The epiphyses and metaphyses contain red bone marrow, while yellow bone marrow is found in the medullary cavity of the diaphysis. The epiphyseal plate is a layer of hyaline cartilage in a growing bone.

22. What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?

    Red bone marrow is found in the epiphyses and metaphyses of long bones and is responsible for producing blood cells. Yellow bone marrow is found in the medullary cavity of the diaphysis and stores fat.

23. What is the epiphyseal plate?

    The epiphyseal plate is a layer of hyaline cartilage in a growing bone that allows for longitudinal bone growth.

24. What are bones' structural features adapted for?

    Structural features are adapted for specific functions.

25. Do structural features develop at birth?

    Most structural features are not present at birth and develop later in response to certain forces.

26. What are some of the structural features found in bones?

    Projections that are sites of muscle attachment, surfaces that form joints, and depressions and openings.

27. What are the four types of bone cells, and what are their functions?

    Osteoprogenitor cells become osteoblasts, which are matrix-synthesizing cells that mature into osteocytes, which maintain the mineralized matrix of bone. Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells.

28. What is the structural unit of compact bone?

    The structural unit of compact bone is the osteon.

29. What is the composition of an osteon?

    An osteon contains central and perforating canals, along with trabeculae and lamellae.

30. What surrounds the osteon, and what does it contain?

    The osteon is surrounded by concentric lamellae of matrix, which contain lacunae with mature bone cells (osteocytes).

31. What is the function of the central canal?

    The central canal contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.

32. What are perforating (Sharpey's) fibers?

    Perforating fibers are embedded in the outer layer of bone and extend into the surrounding tissue to anchor the bone in place.

33. What are trabeculae and what do they contain?

    Trabeculae are the structural components of spongy bone and are aligned along lines of stress. They contain irregularly arranged lamellae and interconnected osteocytes.

34. What are the two types of bone formation and what bones do they form?

    The two types of bone formation are intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones, while endochondral ossification forms all other bones except for the clavicles.

35. What is the purpose of the epiphyseal plate and what is it made of?

    The epiphyseal plate (growth plate) separates the diaphysis and epiphysis of a long bone and allows for bone growth until closure during adolescence. It is made of hyaline cartilage.

36. What is the process of bone remodeling and when does it occur?

    Bone remodeling is the process of maintaining bone shape and occurs after growth and throughout life. It involves resorption of old bone by osteoclasts and formation of new bone by osteoblasts.

37. What are the common types of fractures?

    The common types of fractures include comminuted, compression, spiral, and epiphyseal fractures.

38. What is the process of bone repair after a fracture?

    After a fracture, a hematoma (soft callus) forms, followed by a fibrocartilaginous callus, a bony callus of spongy bone, and finally bone remodeling.

39. Name the region of the arrow ?

    Frontal

40. Name the region of the arrow ?

    Maxilla

41. Name the region of the arrow ?

    Mandible

42. Name the region of the arrow ?

    cervical vertebrae

43. Name the region of the arrow ?

    scapula

44. Name the region of the arrow ?

    sternum

45. Name the region of the arrow ?

    humerus

46. Name the region of the arrow ?

    lumbar vertebrae

47. Name the region of the arrow ?

    coccyx

48. Name the region of the arrow ?

    ilium

49. Name the region of the arrow ?

    carpals

50. Name the region of the arrow ?

    femur

51. Name the region of the arrow ?

    patella

52. Name the region of the arrow ?

    tibia

53. Name the region of the arrow ?

    tarsals

54. Name the region of the arrow ?

    metatarsals

55. Name the region of the arrow ?

    metacarpals

56. Name the region of the arrow ?

    false ribs

57. Name the region of the arrow ?

    floating ribs

58. Name the region of the arrow ?

    parietal

59. Name the region of the arrow ?

    sphenoid

60. Name the region of the arrow ?

    clavicle

61. Name the region of the arrow ?

    true ribs

62. Name the region of the arrow ?

    radius

63. Name the region of the arrow ?

    ulna

64. Name the region of the arrow ?

    sacrum

65. Name the region of the arrow ?

    ischium

66. Name the region of the arrow ?

    fibula

67. Name the region of the arrow ?

    calcaneus

68. Name the region of the arrow ?

    occipital

69. Name the region of the arrow ?

    phalenges

70. Name the region of the arrow ?

    nasal

71. Name the region of the arrow ?

    zygomatic arch

72. Name the region of the arrow ?

    orbital

73. Name the region of the arrow ?

    xiphoid process

74. Name the region of the arrow ?

    pubis

75. Name the region of the arrow ?

    thoracic vertebrae

76. Name the region of the arrow ?

    zygomatic

77. Name the region of the arrow ?

    vomer

78. Name the region of the arrow ?

    ethmoid

79. Name the region of the arrow ?

    lacrimal

80. Name the region of the arrow ?

    concha

81. Name the region of the arrow ?

    temporal

82. Name the region of the arrow ?

    mastoid process

83. Name the region of the arrow ?

    external acoustic meatus

84. Name the region of the arrow ?

    axis