GERON chap2

67 flashcards · Other · by KRYSTEL ANN A MARTIN

1. The process of growing older than begins at birth

   Aging

2. Explain biological aging as resulting from a complex predetermined factors or process

   Nonstochastic theories

3. View the effects of biological aging as resulting from random assaults from both the internal and external environment.

   Stochastic Theories

4. is the progressive loss of function.

   Biologic aging

5. It can be viewed as a balance of positive factors such as healthy diet, regular exercise, and coping resources and negative factors such as obesity, unhealthy lifestyle, chronic illness, and stress that exceeds the individual's coping resoures

   biologic aging

6. is a multifactorial process involving genetics, oxidative stress, diet, and environment

   Biologic Aging

7. Two categories of biologic aging theories are

   Stochastic Theories Nonstochastic Theories

8. Stochastic Theories on Biologic Aging:

   Cross-Linking Theory Free radicals and Lipofuscin Theory Wear and tear Theories Evolutionary Theories Biogerontology Theory

9. Nonstochastic Theories of Biologic aging are:

   Genetic Theories Apoptosis (programmed cell death theory) Neuroendocrine and Neurochemical Theories Autoimmune Reactions (Immunologic Theory) Radiation Theory Environmental Theories Nutrition Theories

10. Propose that aging is due to chance

    Stochastic Theories of Biologic Aging

11. Avers that over time and as a result of exposure to chemicals and radiation in the environment, cross-links form between lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates as well as nucleic acids

    Cross-Linking Theory

12. Proposes that a free radical is highly reactive atom or molecule that carries an unpaired electron and thus seeks to combine with another molecule causing an oxidative process

    Free radicals and Lipofuscin theories

13. can ultimately disrupt cell membranes and alter DNA and protein synthesis

    Oxidative stress

14. are natural byproducts of normal cellular processes and are also created by such environmental factors such as smog, tobacco, smoke, radiation, pesticides and other pollutants

    Free radicals

15. a lipoprotein byproduct of oxidation that can be seen only under a fluorescent microscope in the aging process

    lipofuscin "age pigments"

16. Attribute aging to repeated use and injury of the body over time as it performs its highly specialized functions.

    Wear and tear theories

17. These theories of aging are related to genetics and hypothesize that the differences in the aging process and longevity of various species occur due to interplay between the process of mutation and natural selection

    Evolutionary Theories

18. Groups of Theories that relate aging to evolution

    Mutation Accumulation Theory Antagonistic Pleiotropy Theory Disposable Soma Theory

19. Suggests that aging occurs due to a declining force of natural selection with age.

    Mutation accumulation theory

20. suggests that accumulated mutant genes that have negative effects in late life may have had beneficial effects in early life

    Antagonistic Pleiotropy Theory

21. Proposes that aging is related to the use of the body's energy rather than to genetics

    Disposable Soma Theory

22. This theory believes that bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other organisms are responsible for certain physiologic changes during the aging process

    Biogerontology Theory

23. Hypothesize that aging changes result from a complex predetermined process that genes program age related molecular and cellular events

    Nonstochastic Theories of Biologic aging

24. Proposes that there is an impairment in the ability of the cell to continue dividing

    Apoptosis (programmed cell death)

25. is the process of programmed cell death that continuously occurs throughout life due to biochemical events

    Apoptosis

26. advocates that animals and humans are born with genetic program or biological clock that predetermines the life span

    The programmed theory of aging

27. this theory holds that genetic mutations are responsible for aging by causing organ decline as a result of self-perpetuating cellular mutations

    the error theory

28. Proposes declining functional capacity of the immune system as the basis for aging

    Autoimmune reactions (immunologic theory)

29. It believes that aging not a passive wearing out of systems but an active self-destruction mediated by the immune system

    Autoimmune reactions (immunologic theory)

30. It is based on observing an age-associated decline in B and T cell functioning, accompanied by a decrease in resistance and increase in autoimmune diseases with aging

    Autoimmune reactions (immunologic theory)

31. What are the primary organ of the immune system?

    thymus and bone marrow

32. propose that aging occurs because of functional decline in neurons and associated hormones, it also suggests that aging is the result of changes in the brain and endocrine glands

    neuroendocrine and neurochemical theories

33. repeated exposure to ultraviolet light is known to cause __________, the "old age" type of skin wrinkling that results from the replacement of collagen by elastin

    solar elastosis

34. Describe the aging individual in terms of his or her social group/culture

    Sociologic Theories of Aging

35. The basis of this theory arises from the fact that human beings are mortal and must eventually leave their place and role in society, therefore it is their responsibility to look for suitable replacement

    Disengagement Theory

36. assert that an older person should continue a middle-aged lifestyle, denying the existence of old age as long as possible, and that society should apply the same norms to old age as it does to middle age and not advocate diminishing activity, interest as its members grow old

    Activity Theory

37. Accounts for the continuous flow of phases in the life cycle and does not limit itself to change

    Continuity Theory

38. It assumes that persons will remain the same unless there are factors that stimulate change or necessitate adaptation

    Continuity Theory

39. The continuity theory of aging is also referred to as the _______________, relates personality and predisposition toward certain action in old age to similar factors during other phases of life cycle

    developmental theory

40. This theory suggests that society is stratified by age groups, persons within a similar age groups generally have similar experiences, beliefs, attitudes, and life transitions that offer them unique shared history

    Age stratification theory

41. Views older adults as a group with distinct norms beliefs, expectations, habits and issues that separate them from the rest of society. Their formation of a __________ is a response to the negative attitudes and treatment by society

    Subculture Theory, subculture

42. Explore the mental processes, behavior and feelings of persons throughout life span, along with some mechanisms people use to meet the challenges they face in old age.

    Psychological Theories of Aging

43. are the challenges that must be met and adjustments that must be made in response to life experiences that are part of an adult's continued growth through the life span

    Developmental tasks

44. detailed three specific challenges facing the older adults that influence the outcome of ego integrity

    Robert Peck

45. To develop satisfaction from oneself as a person rather than through parental or occupational roles.

    Ego differentiation vs. role preoccupation

46. to find psychological pleasures rather than become absorbed with health problems or physical limitations imposed by aging

    Body transcendence vs. body preoccupation

47. to achieve satisfaction through reflection on one's past life and accomplishments rather than be preoccupied with finite number of years left to live

    Ego transcendence vs preoccupation

48. Robert Butler and Myrna Lewis outlined additional developmental tasks of later life: ____________, ____________,___________

    Adjusting to one's infirmities Developing a sense of satisfaction with a life that has been lived Preparing for death

49. It suggests that aging entails a transition from a rational, materialistic meta-perspective to a cosmic and transcendence vision

    Gerotranscendence

50. What are the three Nursing theories of Aging

    Functional consequences theory Theory of Thriving Theory of Successful Aging

51. integrates theories from aging and holistic nursing , it advocates that nurses can promote wellness by addressing individuals holistically, recognizing the interconnection of body, mind, and spirit

    Functional Consequences Theory

52. This theory proposes that everything that impacts people throughout their lives must be linked to create holistic view of aging

    Theory of thriving

53. saw the individual as biopsychosocial being that continuously interacts with and adapts to the changing internal and external environment

    Adaptation Model by Sister Callista Roy

54. Sister Callista Roy assumes that the person has four modes of adaptation: _____________,_______________,____________,__________

    Physiologic needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependence

55. Biological Aging has been described by stochastic and non-stochastic theories. ____________ view aging as a result of random assaults from the internal and external environment. whereas, ______________ view aging as being a complex, predetermined process.

    Stochastic theories, Nonstochastic theories

56. hypothesizes that people are living longer due to emphasis on natural selection through reproduction.

    Evolutionary theory

57. attributes longer life to the prevention and control of pathogens

    biogerontology theory of aging

58. views aging as a process in which the individual gradually withdraws or disengage from society

    disengagement theory

59. proposes that to age in a healthy manner, individuals need to stay active and engaged in society

    activity theory

60. suggests that individuals will maintain the patterns of engagement in old age that they practiced throughout their life span

    continuity theory

61. suggests that similarities among various age groups cause them to have unique experiences and interactions with society

    age stratification theory

62. described developmental tasks people face during each stage of life, with the task in old age as ego integrity vs. despair.

    Erikson

63. _______developed this further by offering specific challenge that older adults face as they strive for ego integrity which are as follows: ego differentiation vs. role preoccupation, body transcendence vs. body preoccupation, ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation

    Peck

64. also offered specific developmental tasks of late life which are as follows: adjusting to one's infirmities, developing a sense of satisfaction with life that has been lived, and preparing for death

    Robert Butler and Myrna Lewis

65. assumes that with age there is transition from material to nonmaterial concerns

    Gerotranscendence

66. Advocates that nurses can promote wellness by addressing individuals holistically, recognizing the interconnections of body, mind, and spirit

    Functional Consequences Theory

67. Proposes that everything that impacts people throughout their lives must be linked to create a holistic view of aging

    Theory of Thriving