CCM 4L

26 flashcards · Other · by Daniel F.

1. Communication

   The act of transmitting messages, including information about the nature of the relationship, to another person who interprets these messages and gives them meaning

2. intercultural communication vs cross-cultural communication

   intercultural communication - communication between ppl from different cultures cross-cultural communication - the comparison of various ways of communication across cultures

3. grounding

   common information that the sender and receiver must share for the communication event to be successful

4. stereotypes

   related to schemas categorization of characteristics and behaviour of a set of ppl usually negative employed consciously or unconsciously because they are helpful to easily judge situations or ppl often erroneous and lead to unjustified conclusions shouldn't be evaluated, but rather the descriptive behaviours

5. national stereotypes

   harsh, but based on limited contact uses few dimensions for categorization

6. How do culturally stereotypic expectations affect behavior

   resistance to new information stereotypical expectations are self-perpetuating new information often discounted as not representative learned, and get more complex about more familiar social categories dominant groups (feel they) have special privileges through stereotyping others

7. Fundamental attribution error

   tendency to overemphasize dispositional or personal attributes rather than situational factors when explaining other people's actions. Favourably biased toward our cultural group Not consistent across cultures - Less fundamental attribution error in Asia than North America or Europe

8. How do attributional differences affect our behaviour

   Attributions (process by which individuals attempt to identify and understand the underlying causes of behaviour or events) help react to the environment by linking an event to its causes we rely on cues to form expectations cue can be inconclusive use prior information to make current judgement: stereotype

9. Cross-cultural interaction model - steps of noticing an event and reacting to it

   Situation cues - individuals notice and attend to relevant details that align with their cultural predispositions... Behaviour Identification of behaviour Causal attribution Response behaviour and attitudes

10. Different communication styles across cultures

    explicit vs implicit high vs low context difference in individualistic and collectivist societies formal vs informal direct vs indirect difference in individualistic and collectivist societies can depend on social context Silence vs. verbal overkill

11. direct vs indirect communication

    direct - asks questions, states opinions, comes to the point, no ambiguity indirect - opinions or questions have implied meaning, direct communication in believed to be impolite

12. formal communication

    acknowledges rank, titles, and ceremony in prescribed social interaction US is least formal others are more formal

13. Silence vs. verbal overkill

    collectivist: value silence individualistic: value talking

14. Use of praise

    Frequency, subject, elaboration, and response vary across cultures

15. Language and culture together

    language can be considered synonymous with cultural groups Whorf hypothesis: A society’s language determines the nature of its culture words provide the concepts of understanding the world, language structures the way we think about it limited sets of words in languages constrain the ability to conceptualize the world

16. Slang and jargon

    Slang is informal Jargon is used by particular subgroups, very specialized Helps define group membership Increases possible variations in expression Might last for only a few years May enhance communication ability of culturally different individuals

17. Non-verbal communication

    communicating without words gestures, facial expressions, hug enhance spoken communication same non-verbal behaviour can have different meanings in different cultures

18. Kinesics

    communication though body movements in every culutre asia - bow to show respect easy to misinterpret if from another culture minimize use if not familiar

19. Proxemics

    using space to communicate each culture has appropriate distance for communication violations can be uncomfortable or offensive

20. Haptics

    using touch to communicate deeply rooted in cultural values none - japan, US, england, northern europe moderate - australia, china, ireland, india touching - latin america, italy, greece

21. Oculesics

    using eye-contact, gazing to communicate associated with kinetics comfort with eye contact varies widely North america - comfortable and expects eye contact China and Japan - rude and disrespectful, respect is avoiding eye contact

22. role of an interpreter

    provides simultaneous translation of a foreign language difficult technical knowledge required in both languages may help understanding even if everyone speaks the same language

23. how to use interpreters

    get to know them go over technical and other issues frequent translations are better work together with them to learn appropriate style and etiquette

24. Spitzberg & Chagnon (p.7, 2009) Intercultural communicative competence

    the appropriate and effective management of interaction between people who, to some degree or another, represent different or divergent affective, cognitive, and behavioral orientations to the world management of interaction between different culutres, how and what

25. Components of ICC

    Cognitive component Knowledge about the people from the other culture(s) involved in the communication process Values, beliefs and expectations, language, communicative strategies Requires cognitive flexibility Learning by doing, being open, being able to take a perspective Affective component The feelings, needs and general motivation of an individual with regard to interacting with others from different cultures. Managing anxiety and uncertainty Mindfulness: constant thinking about their comm…

26. Framework for successful cross-cultural interaction (Adler & Aycan, 2018)

    Dimensions how much do I choose to maintain my own cultural approach how do I approach others' cultural approach how important is the particular interaction (critical contingency) Alternative approaches impose own cultural approach embrace others' cultural approach devise creative compromise avoid the situation improvise synergistic resolution Question to ask in a cross-cultural engagement prior - how to remain open minded during (counter)stereotypical behaviour - is mutual learning happening t…