GBH 4

13 flashcards · Other · by Daniel F.

1. The Third Industrial Revolution

   changing from chemicals to physics clusters comms: internet, pc, telephony, cellurar transport: big fast aircraft, automobile atomic energy biotech: cell maniputaion Semi-conductor, integrated circuit

2. Third industrial revolution's effect on businesses

   Death of distance transport cheaper than ever more efficient distribution networks globalization and homogenization of culture new commtech, new marketings big data and statistics

3. ICT revolution and productivity

   Pessimist view neutral view

4. National systems of innovations, origins of IR 3

   network of institutions cooperating in the innovative process at every level libs, labs, unis, orgs, national agencies all took part Why now and not before R&D cheaper and low handing fruits disappeared (aviation and medicine)

5. origins of IR 3 in the US

   private companies doing pure research universities doing research MIT received direct and indirect support from private companies private labs work closely with the gov Provision of funds for research institutes and laboratories Strategic buying to research in specific technologies Creation of federal agencies with ties to business community to promote cooperation

6. Is war good for innovation

   To meet war demands: Budget constraints were removed for research Government agency established to ensure private companies contributed to competency in high-tech industries Advances due to applied military research: Chemicals (e.g. synthetic fibres) Air transport (e.g. jet engines) Electronics (e.g. radar) New materials (e.g. synthetic rubber)

7. The interwar period

8. Nationalization after the ww1 in Europe

   interventionist policies of the interwar continued Nationalization spread after the war UK: coal mines, canals, railways, electricity, steel, airports, etc. Germany: energy sector, automobiles (to a lesser extent) Italy and Spain: this process started even earlier

9. The State and the Economy in Europe

   direct ownership and coordination Government assumed direct ownership of strategic industries alongside planning and centralized coordination steel, energy, telecommunications, partially or fully under government control R&D investment (50 percent of budget financed by State) soft instruments: credits, subsidies, tax exemptions To complement direct ownership, governments employed "soft" tools such as credit provision, targeted subsidies, and tax exemptions to shape economic outcomes without nec…

10. State intervention in Germany

    aluminum came out of the war as state monopolies 1930 municipal companies produced 84 percent of German gas and 45 percent of German electricity Nazi industrial empire : steel and automotive state took over three out of the five largest commercial banks in Germany, because of the great banking crisis of 1931 1934 and 1937, some privatization operations had been implemented mainly in five different sectors: railways; steel and mining; banking; ship building; and shipping lines

11. State intervention in Italy

    phases IRI - public holding company established in 1933 by the Fascist regime to rescue, restructure and finance banks and private companies that went bankrupt during the Great Depression Establishment of a true shareholding system post-WWII, featuring successful endeavors in oil and steel industries Impact IRI - state-owned super-holding controlling >50% of sectorial holdings. Launch of Finmeccanica (1948) and Finelettrica (1952) to expand machinery-manufacturing and electrical companies, prom…

12. State intervention in France

    Peaks in Nationalization: Left-wing governments oversaw three waves of nationalization, focusing on 1936-7 and 1945-6. Post-WWII Impact: Nationalization widely accepted, involving aircraft and armament factories, railways, Air France, Compagnie Générale Transatlantique, bank and insurance sectors, and additional industries such as aircraft engines, cars, electricity, and gas

13. State intervention in Japan

    objectives Maintaining and enhancing the economy's competitive position (export-oriented sectors) Accumulation of foreign currency for reconstruction purposes (focus on high-value added sectors like steel) Main Institution: Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) Strategies: Separated the world market (competitive arena) from domestic market (incubation) Banning imports to protect domestic production Supporting prices to avoid the negative effects of their fluctuations Permits to ex…