PASEPA - Chapter 4. Science, Research and Ethics

33 flashcards · Philosophy · by Kristóf Nagy

1. Science ethics

   The study of moral values and principles in scientific research and practice.

2. Values

   Standards of intrinsic qualitative worth, which decide what is good and what is bad.

3. Norms

   Specific rules and expectations that quantitively/normatively specify how people should and should not behave in various social situations.

4. Public norms

   Norms that apply to everyone and are often enforced by legal or social conventions.

5. Deontological ethics

   An approach to ethics associated with Immanuel Kant, which holds that moral correctness of an act is determined by whether the act itself complies with a certain principle, such as justice, autonomy, privacy, moral protectability, fairness, reliability, and impartiality.

6. Categorical Imperative

   A principle in deontological ethics, formulated by Immanuel Kant, which states that an action is morally right if and only if the maxims of the action can be consistently willed as a universal law.

7. Consequentialism

   An approach to ethics that holds that the rightness or wrongness of an action depends solely on its (intended or foreseeable) consequences.

8. Utilitarianism

   A form of consequentialism, founded by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, which holds that an action is right if it leads to the greatest benefit, happiness, or welfare of the greatest number of people.

9. Jeremy Bentham

   An English philosopher and founder of utilitarianism.

10. Utility principle

    The central principle of utilitarianism, which holds that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by the overall happiness or pleasure it produces.

11. Virtue ethics

    An approach to ethics that emphasizes the virtues or moral character of an individual, rather than rules or consequences.

12. Ethics of care

    An approach to ethics that emphasizes compassion, empathy, and caring relationships as central to ethical decision-making.

13. Moral community

    The group of entities that are recognized as having moral standing and deserving of moral consideration.

14. Moral agents

    Beings who are capable of moral agency and can be held responsible for their actions, typically human beings.

15. Moral patients

    Beings who are capable of experiencing harm or benefit but cannot be held responsible for their actions, such as non-human animals and infants.

16. Medical ethics

    The branch of ethics that deals with ethical issues in medicine and healthcare.

17. Animal ethics

    The branch of ethics that deals with ethical issues related to the treatment of non-human animals.

18. Environmental ethics

    The branch of ethics that deals with ethical issues related to the natural environment.

19. Cyber-ethics

    The branch of ethics that deals with ethical issues related to cyberspace and digital technology.

20. FFP

    Fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism, the three major types of scientific misconduct.

21. Research ethics

    The study of moral values and principles in the design, conduct, and dissemination of research.

22. Research subject protection

    The measures taken to ensure that research participants are treated ethically and their rights and welfare are protected.

23. Moral responsibility

    The obligation or duty to act in accordance with moral norms, values, and principles, and to bear the consequences of one's choices and actions.

24. Responsibly

    Acting with awareness, concern, and accountability for the ethical implications and consequences of one's actions.

25. Independence

    Freedom from bias, prejudice, and undue influence in conducting research and pursuing knowledge.

26. Transparency

    Openness, clarity, and frankness in sharing information, data, and methods in research and scholarship.

27. Scrupulous

    Careful, diligent, and conscientious in following ethical standards and avoiding misconduct.

28. Scientific misconduct

    Any action that violates the standards of honesty, accuracy, and integrity in scientific research, such as fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism.

29. Honesty

    Truthfulness, sincerity, and candor in dealing with others, especially in research and scholarly activities.

30. Responsible conduct of research (RCR)

    The set of ethical principles and practices that guide the responsible design, conduct, and dissemination of research.

31. Integrity of scientific knowledge

    The confidence in the accuracy, reliability, and validity of scientific knowledge based on adherence to ethical principles and standards.

32. Trust

    The belief in the reliability, honesty, and competence of someone or something.

33. Questionable practices

    Ethically dubious but not necessarily fraudulent behaviors in scientific research, such as selective reporting of data or failure to disclose conflicts of interest.