QRM - Week 2 - Ch. 6, 7, 8
24 flashcards · Other · by Daniel F.
features of in-depth interviews
Combine structure with flexibility. Interactive in nature. Use a range of probes and techniques to achieve depth. Generative, creating new knowledge or thoughts
Requirements of a qualitative interviewer
Ability to listen Clear and logical mind Good memory Curiosity Ability to establish rapport Display of tranquillity Establishing credibility Efficiency and careful preparation Concentration and stamina
Stages of an in-depth interview:
Arrival - first minutes are essential for establishing the relationship Introducing the research - interview begins and the research is explained Beginning the interview - opening questions are an opportunity to collect important contextual information. Follow-up questions regarding these topics will stimulate the participant to provide detailed and spontaneous answers During the interview - researcher is guiding the participant through the key themes, and each subject is explored in depth with…
Asking questions to achieve breadth and depth
Content mapping questions ground mapping - open up a subject, interviewee’s to raise issues important to them dimension mapping - focus the participant a little more narrowly on particular topics or concepts perspective-widening - give interviewee’s the opportunity to give more than their first thoughts on a subject Content mining questions amplificatory - encourage a participant to elaborate further exploratory - explore the views and feelings that underlie descriptions of behaviour, help to s…
In-depth, iterative probing
Probing until reaching saturation.
Question formulation
Using broad and narrow questions Avoiding leading questions Asking clear questions
Further techniques for achieving depth
Listening and remembering Facilitating the relationship with the participant express interest be sensitive no right or wrong answers Turning assumptions and interventions into questions Neutrality and avoidance of self-disclosure
Turning assumption and interventions into questions
Assumptions should never be made, but asked never assume, comment, summarize, finish don't say right, okay, yes
Conducting sensitive interviews
be reassuring acknowledging the participant gave consent and the researcher therefore has permission to address it; reassuring confidentiality; not showing any embarrassment or unease as researcher; acknowledging the sensitivity of the area; and having information about support groups to provide the participant afterwards with. respond to emotion Do not interrupt, except if very distressed Show empathy and listen respond to anxiety, reticence More time might be needed for interviewee to open up…
Features and types of focus groups
Data is generated through interaction between participants. Focus groups have around 6 to 8 people, with the researcher determining the level of structure. Types of focus groups: traditional focus groups, workshops, consultative panels, online focus groups, and virtual groups.
Features and types of focus groups
Data is generated through interaction between participants. Focus groups have around 6 to 8 people, with the researcher determining the level of structure. Types of focus groups traditional focus groups workshops - larger group, for a longer time consultative panels - requires much time, but can be an interesting application of this type of research in more unfamiliar, technical or complex areas online focus groups virtual groups.
Group processes and the stages of a focus group
Understanding group processes helps facilitate the group as it goes through different phases forming phase - participants are tense, engage in bg info storming - tension, criticism, differences arise norming - calmer phase of sharing, similarity and agreement, in which the norms of the group are established performing - group working interactively in open discussion on the research issue adjourning - group works towards ending Stages of a focus group Scene setting and ground rules Individual in…
Conducting the focus group discussion
The researcher's role is both as a moderator and a facilitator. Balancing flexibility and structure, probing for fuller responses, noting non-verbal language, controlling the balance between individual contributions, and focusing on participants' personal views. Encouraging in-depth exploration of emergent issues, exploring diversity of view, challenging social norms and apparent consensus, and using enabling and projective techniques.
focus Group composition and size
Heterogeneity versus homogeneity: finding the right balance for productive discussions. Strangers, acquaintances, and pre-existing groups: considerations for group dynamics. Group size: typically 6 to 8 people, depending on the research topic, sensitivity, complexity, required breadth or depth of data, population group involved, and structure and tasks in the session.
Practicalities in organizing the focus group
Time and place: choosing a suitable time and venue for participants and the subject of study. Provision at the discussion venue: arranging seating, recording equipment, and refreshments. Recording: ensuring high-quality recording materials and procedures.
observation
act of noting a phenomenon, often with instruments, and recording it for scientific purposes
Types of observational research
Complete Observer Role: The researcher is as detached as possible from the setting under study, being neither seen nor noticed. Observer-as-Participant Role: The researcher conducts observations for brief periods, is known and recognized, but does not contribute. Participant-as-Observer Role: The researcher is integrated into the group and is both a friend and natural researcher. Complete Participant Role: The researcher disappears into the setting and is fully engaged with the people and their…
Types of observational research in terms of membership
Peripheral Membership: Researchers observe and interact closely with the people under study but do not participate. Active Membership: Researchers engage in core activities but try to refrain from committing themselves to the group's values, goals, and attitudes. Complete Membership: Researchers are active and engaged members and advocate for the positions adopted by the group.
Process of Observational Research
Site selection Gain entrée: some communities are more open to outsiders than others. Gatekeepers, both formal and informal, can be used to achieve approval and support. (Preparing and training, and )observing: culture shock might need to be overcome. Recording: as understanding often comes after multiple observations. Narrower perspective on observations: because researchers start to understand the elements Theoretical saturation: new findings consistently replicate earlier ones.
categories of validity
objectivity/confirmability: the degree to which conclusions flow from the information that has been collected Reliability/dependability/auditability: the degree to which the process of research has been consistent and reasonably stable over time and across various researchers and methods. Internal validity/credibility/authenticity: the degree to which the conclusions of a study make sense. External validity/transferabiéity/fittingness: the degree to which the conclusions of a study have relevan…
Minimizing Observer Bias
The naturalness of observation observers do not demand extraordinary things, and therefore his/her presence might not be noticed anymore after a while Shifting research questions during the research Triangulation (checking observations with other information)
Observations in Public Spaces
Public spaces provide context for studies involving moral order, interpersonal relations, and norms for dealing with different categories of individuals
Ethics and Observational Research
It is unethical for a researcher to deliberately misrepresent their identity or the character of the research
IR: 2 roles simultaneously