QRM - Week 3 - Ch. 9, 10, 11
19 flashcards · Other · by Daniel F.
approaches within qualitative analysis
Ethnographic accounts: Detailed descriptions of individuals, groups, or organizations' way of life. Life histories: Analysis of single narratives, collections of stories, or comparative arguments based on life experiences. Narrative analysis: Focuses on the construction, intention, audience, and meaning of an account or narrative. Content analysis: Examines content and context of documents, identifying themes and linking them to external variables. Conversation analysis: Studies the structure o…
features of different approaches
The status of data: How data is treated and represented. The primary focus of analysis: Language construction and structure vs. capturing and interpreting meaning. The way data are reduced: Methods used to condense data, such as paring down statements or thematic summaries. The kinds of concepts generated: Substantive meaning or structural concepts, using participants' terms or researcher-chosen terms. The day concepts are applied to the data: cross-sectional code and retrieve methods (categori…
Computer-assisted qualitative methods
Text retrievers: Facilitate searching large amounts of data for instances of words or phrases. Textbase managers: Provide a searchable structure to the data. Code and retrieve programs: Allow labeling passages of text for later retrieval according to applied codes. Code based theory builders: Support data conceptualization and create links between different aspects of the dataset. Conceptual network builders: Facilitate graphic display and investigation of conceptual, cognitive, or semantic net…
key requirements of analytic tools
Remains grounded in the data: Easy access to original data and emergent ideas, concepts, and patterns. Permits captured synthesis: Reducing data while capturing synthesis for future reference. Facilitates and displays ordering: Organizes data in a meaningful way. Permits within and between case searches: Allows comparison and analysis across cases. Allows systematic and comprehensive coverage of the data set: Ensures all data is analyzed thoroughly. Permits flexibility: Adapts to various analyt…
The analytic hierarchy
Data management: Sort and synthesize data, reducing the amount and staying close to participants' language. Descriptive accounts: Identify key dimensions and map the range and diversity of each phenomenon, developing more abstract classes. Explanatory accounts: Find patterns of association within the data and account for why those patterns occur, providing explanations at the level of meaning.
What is grounded theory?
A theory that is inductively derived from the study of the phenomenon it represents. Discovered, developed, and provisionally verified through systematic data collection and analysis. Involves formulation of local understandings that remain implicit and unexplained without inquiry. Theory is discovered from data. Minimal literature review beforehand to reduce contamination of data with existing or biased concepts.
process of grounded theory research
Aim: Generate or discover a theory. Researcher sets aside theoretical ideas to allow a substantive theory to emerge. Theory focuses on how individuals interact in relation to the phenomenon under study. Theory asserts a plausible relation between concepts and sets of concepts. Theory is derived from data acquired through fieldwork, interviews, observations, and documents. Data analysis is systematic and begins as soon as data become available. Data analysis proceeds through identifying categori…
Initiating research
Selection of an area of inquiry and a suitable site for study. Literature is ignored until later in the study
Data selection
Location and identification of potential data sources associated with the research question. Theoretical sampling is used, meaning that data is collected to develop theory as it emerges. Ongoing sampling adjustments are possible and expected.
Data collection
Can be done through interviews, but some argue for the use of multiple sources. Ongoing process until a point of saturation. Data collection may become more specific during the process.
Data analysis
Ongoing process, until the researcher determines that concluding the analysis section of the research is appropriate. Involves coding process of naming, comparing, and memoing. Categories and their related properties may vary in degree of concreteness or abstraction. Categories provide a meaningful picture and are not representations of the data.
Concluding the research
Research is concluded when the researcher has observed a point of data saturation and a sufficient theory has emerged. Documentation becomes the single focus of the researcher. A structural framework is developed, and the researcher is able to develop propositions
Using grounded theory research for theory building
five phases of the general method of theory-building research are: conceptual development, identifying and defining the key concepts and relationships relevant to the research question operationalization translate the abstract concepts developed in the first phase into concrete and measurable variables, specifying the indicators confirmation or disconfirmation whether the data support or contradict the initial theory application applies the theory to a new context or situation to assess its use…
Evaluating grounded theory
Four areas for consideration: judgments about the validity, reliability, and credibility of the data; judgments about the theory itself; decisions regarding the adequacy of the research process; conclusions about the empirical grounding of the research. Seven criteria for evaluating the research process rationale for the selection of the original sample elaboration of the major categories that emerge the events, incidents, or actions pointing to the major categories identified an explanation of…
Challenges and limitations
Often uses only interview data and neglects social structural influences. Criticism: research is underdetermined and not viable because raw data used are facts taken from within the framework of some other theory.
Carrying out Qualitative Analysis Data management
Qualitative raw data comes in various forms, often rich in detail but unwieldy and intertwined. Decide upon themes or concepts to label, sort, and compare data. Familiarize with data by selecting relevant data with research objectives and questions in mind. Create a conceptual model or 'index' from recurring themes and issues introduced in interviews. Label or tag data using the conceptual framework, refine as needed. Sort data by theme or concept, keeping sections in context. Summarize or synt…
1. in descriptive analysis Descriptive accounts
Unpack content and nature of a phenomenon or theme. Detection: in which the substantive content and dimensions of a phenomenon are identified. It involves looking within a theme, across all cases and noting the range of perspectives, views, experiences or behaviours which have been labelled or tagged. Categorisation: in which categories are refined and descriptive data assigned to them. Classification: in which groups of categories are assigned to classes usually at a higher level of abstractio…
2. in descriptive analysis Explanatory accounts
Detect patterns, associative analyses, and identification of clustering. Associative analysis: Find links or connections between two or more phenomena. Linkages that repeatedly occur between sets of phenomena: matched set linkages After having identified the linkages, one must explore why they exist Develop explanations by looking at data and rival explanations. Ways to find the implicit reasons Inferring an underlying logic Using common sense to search for explanations Developing explanatory c…
Analysing group data
Account for group differences in Group dynamics: dynamics will both be said or heard in voice, but also non-verbal communications occur. The researcher will have to make this explicit on tape, or note it down immediately afterwards. Interactions: all interactions are part of the data. Uneven coverage: both within groups and between groups, as groups shape their own agenda. Less extensive coverage: each participants has less time to share thoughts, so less coverage and depth will occur. The infl…