Equine Health Exam 3

148 flashcards · Other · by Emma Yarbrough

1. Lameness:

   Incapable of normal locomotion, deviation from the normal gait. not a specific diagnosis, but rather a sign of a problem

2. Blemish:

   A defect usually involving the skin, connective tissue, or bone, which more or less diminiahes the value of the horse by its unsightly appearance, but does not interfere with or diminish its function.

3. Forelegs carry _____ of horse's weight

   60%

4. About ____ of front limb lameness occurs from the knee down

   95%

5. Hindlimb lameness is ____ hock & stifle

   80%

6. Hindlimb lameness is ____ foot

   20%

7. Supporting leg lameness:

   Pain is caused when the horse is supporting his weight on leg. The horse will try to take weight off the leg and rest it.

8. Swinging leg lameness:

   Pain is caused during motion phase of stride. Horse tries to shorten stride to prevent pain.

9. Forelimb lameness:

   Head elevated when lame limb hits the ground Change in stride phases

10. Hindlimb lameness:

    hip elevates when lame limb hits the ground Change is stride phases

11. Cranial phase of stride:

    when the foot is in front of the opposite foot

12. Caudal phase of stride:

    When the food is behind the opposite foot

13. Grade 1 lameness:

    lameness is difficult to observe and not consistently apparent regardless of circumstances

14. grade 2 lameness:

    lameness is difficult to observe at walk or trotting in a straight line but is consistently apparent under certain circumstances (carrying weight, circling, hard surfaces)

15. Grade 3 lameness:

    lameness is consistently observable at trot under all circumstances

16. Grade 4 lameness:

    lameness is obvious with marked head nodding, hitching or shortened stride

17. Grade 5 lameness:

    Minimal weight bearing in motion or at rest or the inability to move

18. Lameness examination:

    history conformation breed and use must be considered physical exam exam in motion

19. Conformation:

    can predispose a horse to certain lameness problems best evaluated at a distance from all sides breed and use must be considered

20. Physical exam:

    will point to areas to be investigated visual & palpation needed

21. Lameness radiography:

    looking for bone & joint problems multiple views are necessary

22. Lameness ultrasound:

    looking for tendon & ligament problems can see joint surfaces

23. Bowed Tendons early treatment:

    rest, wraps, hydrotherapy, NSAID

24. Bowed tendons late treatment:

    controlled exercise to help fibers heal

25. Locked stifle:

    upward fixation of the patella causes hind leg to be stuck in extension can be intermittent or continuous

26. Bucked shins:

    periostea inflammation and stress fractures of the dorsal surface of the metacarpus seen in young race horses painful on palpation of cannon

27. Bucked shins treatment:

    rest, but may need to treat fracture with surgery

28. Locked stifle treatment:

    manipulation or surgery

29. Sidebones:

    ossification of collateral cartilage usually on from feed seen in horses worked on hard surfaces often do not cause lameness

30. arthritis in coffin joint:

    low ringbone

31. arthritis in pastern joint:

    high ringbone

32. articular:

    new bone growth on joint surface

33. Periarticular:

    new bone growth not on joint surface

34. Ringbone treatment:

    range from limiting motion to arthrodesis if the join fuses, the lameness subsides

35. Developmental Orthopedic Disease:

    problem with developing joint cartillage cystic lesions develop in the bone under the cartilage joint cartilage is damaged surgery is required

36. Subsolar abscesses:

    common cause of lameness initiated by a bruise of injury to sole of foot infection develops and pressure builds up from pus relieved by opening the abscess and draining the fluid Tetanus prophylaxis is important

37. Thrush:

    infection of sulk of frog stinky black gooey necrotic material in medial and lateral sulci Can undermine the entire sole

38. Thrush treatment:

    clean foot keep in a clean & dry stall trim necrotic material pack sulci with medication (formalin works well)

39. Laminitis:

    inflammation of the laminae, especially in the hoof of a horse -- called founder

40. Founder:

    to send to the bottom, sink

41. Rotation:

    Displacement of P3 from dorsal hoof wall

42. Sinker:

    Displacement of P3 from entire hoof wall

43. Founder rings:

    horizontal ridges in the hoof wall that indicate previous bouts of laminitis

44. Seedy toe:

    increased width of white line

45. Signs of acute lameness:

    lameness heat in the feet increased digital pulse in the feed pain in to region reluctant or hesitant gait

46. Possible mechanisms of laminitis:

    digital hypo perfusion causing ischemia and necrosis of lamellar attachments (DECREASED BLOOD FLOW) Excessive uncontrolled enzymatic degredation of lamellar attachments (INCREASED BLOOD FLOW)

47. Fructans:

    principle nonstructural carbohydrate of pasture grasses horses develop laminitis by consuming fructans

48. Management of laminitis:

    modified diet routine hoof care health-maintenance schedule nutritional supplement formulated to promote hoof health

49. Navicular disease:

    chronic forelimb lameness caused by pain from navicular bone and related structures

50. Navicular disease related structures:

    collateral ligaments impar ligament navicular bursa deep digital flexor tendon

51. Blood cells are suspended within _____

    blood plasma

52. Red Blood Cells:

    erythrocytes most abundant cells survive 150 days in circulation contain hemoglobin

53. White Blood Cells:

    lifespan: 13-20 days destroyed in the lymphatic system Leukocytes fight infection through phagocytosis produce, transport and distribute antibodies as part of the body's immune response

54. Phagocytosis:

    leukocytes surround and destroy foreign organisms

55. Neutrophils:

    most abundant white blood cell

56. Eosinphils:

    Allergy & parasite wbc

57. lymphocytes:

    immune system abc

58. Platelets

    thrombocytes important in the clotting of blood

59. Blood accounts for ____ of body weight

    7%

60. The volume the red blood cells constitute is about ___ of whole blood and ____ constitutes about ___, while a minute volume is constituted by ____

    45%, 55%, white cells

61. ______ flows through the tiny capillary blood vessels with less resistance than plasma by itself

    White blood

62. Serum:

    plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed most proteins remaining are albumin and immunoglobulins

63. Plasma:

    the fluid that is the blood's liquid medium, which by itself is straw-yellow in color

64. Hematocrit:

    Packed cell volume (PCV) the percent of blood that is made of cells gives indication of hydration and RBC numbers

65. Circulation:

    Heart --> arteries --> capillaries --> veins --> heart

66. Heart Diseases:

    Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Congestive Heart Failure Valve Disease Myocarditis Pericarditis

67. Vein & Artery Disease:

    jugular thrombophlebitis Aorto-iliac thrombosis cranial mesenteric arteritis

68. Anemia:

    Equine infectious anemia (EIA) Wild Onion Maple Leaf Toxicity

69. Maple Leaf Toxicity:

    occurs in fall when leaves drop & wilt depression/lethargy dark brown urine difficulty breathing & increased heart rate cyanotic mucous membranes death

70. Maple leaf toxicity treatment:

    activated charcoal fluids blood transfusion

71. Neonatal Isoerytholysis:

    incompatibility of blood between foal & mare colostral antibodies cause foal's RBCs to be lysed producing anemia happens in second or later foaling

72. PPID:

    Increased ACTH by Pituitary causes increase in cortisol ACTH normally increases in mid-July through mid-November

73. Early PPID Symptoms:

    decreased athletic performance change in attitude/lethargy delayed shedding regional hypertrichosis loss of toplin regional adiposity laminitis

74. PPID Supportive Findings:

    Relative neutrophilia and lymphopenia hyperglycemia hyperinsulinemia hypertriglyceridemia high fecal egg count

75. PPID Diagnosis:

    TRH stimulation test Baseline blood sample for ACTH 1 mg TRH IV 10 minutes later blood sample for ACTH

76. Treatment for PPID

    Peroglide (Prascend) Acts like dopamine and decreases ACTH & prolactin

77. Features of Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS):

    laminitis due to increased blood insulin insulin dysregulation (ID) Increased body fat (localized or generalized) Results from genetic and environmental factors

78. Obese Manifestation of EMS:

    weight loss resistance (easy keeper) Laminitis (subclinical or clinical) cresty neck Subcutaneous adipose deposits clinical problems may be historical or current

79. Insulin:

    made in pancreas regulates blood glucose lowers blood glucose

80. Insulin Dysregulation (ID):

    central endocrine disorder of EMS typically associated with increased adiposity (obese EMS) can be detected in lean horses can exist in the absence of EMS in association with conditions such as PPID, systematic illness, stress, pregnancy, and starvation

81. Diagnosis of insulin disregulation:

    resting insulin levels (screening test) oral sugar test insulin tolerance test

82. Resting insulin levels (screening test):

    <20 iu/ml = normal 20 - 50 iu/ml = suggestive ID >50 iu/ml = positive ID Low sensitivity; many false negatives

83. Oral sugar test:

    fast 3-6 hours administer corn syrup orally collect blood at 60 and/or 90 minutes measure insulin and glucose

84. Insulin tolerance test:

    do not fast collect blood at time 0 and administer 0.10 IU/kg regular soluble insulin collect blood at 30 minutes feed meal immediately after last sample <50% decrease in blood glucose concentrations from baseline is consistent with insulin resistance

85. Generic drug:

    a copy that is the same as a brand-name drug in dosage, safety, strength, how it is taken, quality, performance, and intended use

86. Compounded drug:

    a legal drug that is otherwise unavailable may be compounded by a pharmacist upon prescription by a veterinarian

87. Procaine Penicillin:

    intramuscular only insert needle first attach string and aspirate if blood appears, change injection sites anaphylaxis or reaction to procaine

88. Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ):

    Broad spectrum anitbiotic IV and oral wide range for dose long term use can cause anemia

89. Phenylbutazone:

    NSAID injectable must go IV tablets paste toxicity

90. Banamine:

    NSAID good for colic can be given IM, IV, or orally will cause stomach ulcers

91. Acepromazine:

    tranquilizer can be given IV or IM can be repeated safely not a pain reliever lowers blood pressure problems for stallions and geldings

92. Xylazine:

    potent tranquilizer and pain relief short acting noise or motion around horse causes sudden arousal (violent kicking or striking) especially dangerous to work around hind legs

93. Detomidine:

    effect similar to xylazine longer duration of action 10x as potent as xylazine just as dangerous as xylazine (sudden arousal)

94. Butorphanol Tartrate:

    narcotic useful for abdominal pain controlled substance potential for abuse

95. Regulate:

    synthetic progestagen used for progesterone replacement can be absorbed through the skin will alter menstrual cycle

96. Poultice:

    15th century; porridge a soft, usually heated and sometimes medicated mass spread on cloth and applied to sores or other lesions

97. Venice Turpentine:

    harden the hoof by applying it to the sole

98. T or F: Only 5 in 5,000 or 0.10 percent of the drugs that begin preclinical testing ever make it to human testing

    True

99. Which of the choice constitute the practice of veterinary medicine in the state of TN? remove an embryo from such person's own food or companion animal for the purpose of transplanting or cryopreserving such embryo treatment of whatever nature for the cure, prevention, or relief of any wound, fracture, bodily injury of disease of animals prescribe or administer any drug to an animal compounding any medicine or drug for the use in animals

    treatment of whatever nature for the cure, prevention, or relief of any wound, fracture, bodily injury or disease of animals prescribe or administer any drug to an animal

100. Which of the following is a good treatment for colic pain in a horse? acepromazine banamine trimethoprim fairy dust

     banamine