Foundation

127 flashcards · Other · by Jared Blackwell

1. Layers of Mucosa

   Epithelium Lamina Propria Muscularis Mucosae

2. Layers of GI Tract

   Muscosa Submucosa Muscularis Externa (Propria) Serosa/Adventitia

3. Layers in GI Muscularis Externa

   Inner Circular Layer Outer Longitudinal Layer

4. Layers of Blood Vessels

   Tunica Intima Tunica Media Tunica Adventitia

5. Adventitia

6. Arteriole

7. What is Barrett's esophagus?

   Stratified squamous epithelium turns into Columnar due to acid reflux. May result in neoplasm.

8. Properties of Epithelium

   Avascular Polarity- apical surface faces lumen. High Density

9. What are Microvilli and what supports them?

   Increase SA for exchange across membrane. Has a core of Actin filaments.

10. What are Cili and what supports them?

    Cilia propel material. Made of microtubules. 9 doublet + 2 core microtubules = axoneme. 3-4 times larger than cilia.

11. What is dynein and how does it work?

    Protein found in microtubule. Move towards minus end towards nucleus.

12. Adheren Junction- Supports tight junctions. Cadherin family. Linked to actin cytoskeleton. Gap Junction

13. Tight Junction Adherens Junction Desmosome

14. Function of Tight Junction and protein complexes.

    Prevent paracellular leakage. Restrict diffusion of membrane proteins. Protein complex: Claudins, Occludins, ZO proteins. *Essential for cell polarity

15. Tight Junction Essential for cell polarity. Protein complex: Claudins, Occludins, ZO proteins.

16. Adherin Junction Resists mechanical stress. Reinforce tight junctions. Linked to actin cytoskeleton. Protein: Cadherin family.

17. Desmosome -Attach cells to others. -Protein: Cadherin. (Same w/ Adherens). Intermediate filaments on cytplasmic side.

18. What is Keratin?

    Intermediate filament in most epithelial cells.

19. Gap Junction -Signals between cells. -Conformational changes in connexon opens and closes channels.

20. Microvilli Made of actin core.

21. Hemidesmosomes

    Anchor intermediate filaments to basal lamina. Protein: Integrin family.

22. Hemidesmosome Integrin family.

23. Basal Lamina

24. What are the 4 basic tissue types?

    Epithelium Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue

25. Goblet cell, secretes mucous with cilia. Yellow: Basal cell, stem cell

26. Microtubule Make up cilia.

27. Where is the major site of inflammation?

    Connective Tissue is MAJOR site of inflammation.

28. What is the ECM composed of?

    Fibers: -Type I collagen -Type III collagen (reticular fibers) -Elastic fibers Ground Substance -Proteocglycans + GAGs -Adhesive glycoproteins

29. Trichrome stain Stains collagen fibers blue/green.

30. What do basic stains display? Acidic stains?

    -Stains blue/purple. -Organic acids, nucleic acids (RNA/DNA), negatively charged molecules. -Pink red color -Collagen fibers, cytoplasmic proteins, membrane proteins and mitochondria.

31. Type I Collagen Form bundles. Provide mechanical reinforcement. Defects lead to scurvy, Ehlers Danols Syndrome, Osteogenisis imperfecta.

32. Loose CT Dense regular CT

33. Dense irregular CT.

34. Difference in Type I and Type III Collagen (reticular fibers)?

    Type I forms bundles. Type III forms networks.

35. Describe Type III Collagen

    Present in most CT throughout body. Main CT support in liver and lamina propria of gut. Defects lead to vascular type Ehlers Danlos Syndrome.

36. Type III Collagen in liver. Forms networks.

37. Reticular Connective Tissue (Type III Collagen). Forms networks.

38. Elastic fibers - Elastic Lamellae. Elastic fibers provide recoil for CT. Defects in fibrilin underlie Marfan's Syndrome.

39. Elastic fibers Elastic fibers provide recoil for CT. Defects in fibrillin underlie Marfan's Syndrome.

40. What does fibrilin do?

    Fibrillin scaffolds and hold elastin together.

41. Basophil 0-2% of WBCs. Release vasoactive agents and inflammatory mediators. Related to Mast Cells.

42. Goblet Cell

43. External Lamina. Part of Tunica Media of blood vessel. Made of elastin. Tunica Media Components: -Circular Smooth muscle -External Lamina

44. What makes up the Ground Substance?

    Ground Substance = GAGs & Proteoglycans. ECM made of type I, type III collagen, Elastic fibers and Ground Substance.

45. What do Proteoglycans and GAGs do?

    They form a hydrated gel to resist compression, and provide substrate for cell migration.

46. Describe Adhesive Glycoproteins in ECM Ground Substance

    Fibronectin - binds integrins in PM for cell migration. Laminin -

47. Fibroblast/fibrocyte - Cells of CT. Secretes ECM. Differentiate into myofibroblasts during would healing.

48. Type I Collagen Fibroblast nuclei

49. Adipocyte - cell of CT. Energy Storage.

50. Mast Cell - Inflammation. Reside near small blood vessels. Secrete histamine. May cause anaphylaxis.

51. Basophil- 0-2% WBC. Bilobed nucleus. Mast Cell

52. Mast Cell Secretes Histamine.

53. Plasma Cell - from B Cells Secretes Antibody

54. Plasma Cell - from B cells Secrete Antibody

55. Neutrophil First responders. Most abundant. Segmented Nucleus 3-5. -Primary Granules- microbicidal agent. -Secondary Granules- lysozyme, complement activator. -Tertiary- metalloproteases

56. Neutrophil First responders. Most abundant. Acute inflammation. Segmented Nucleus 3-5. -Primary Granules- microbicidal agent. -Secondary Granules- lysozyme, complement activator. -Tertiary- metalloproteases

57. Macrophage - 'professional' phagocytes, inflammation, immunity aka histocytes. Neutrophil

58. What are the Resident cells of CT and where do the derive?

    Mesenchymal Stem Cell in CT: -Fibroblasts -Adipocytes Stem Cells in Bone Marrow: -Mast cells -Plasma Cells -Macrophages

59. What are the Itinerant cells of CT?

    WBCs: Monocytes Neutrophils Lymphocytes Eosinophils Basophils

60. Eosinophil -2-3 lobes -Large granules: MBP, histamine. -0-5% of WBCs. Local immune response. Cytokines amy cause tissue damage. Parasites, allergies, chronic inflammation.

61. Cardiac Muscle -fiber branched. -Nucleus in the CENTER. -1-2 nuclei.

62. Skeletal Muscle -Striated, sarcomers. -Large diameter, unbranched -Multiple Nuceli on periphery. -Eosin stain.

63. Smooth Muscle -Single nucleus -Innervation is autonomic nerves; gap junctions. -Scant CT thus will stain bluish

64. Skeletal muscle: Myosin Filament Actin Filaments

65. I Band - Light band on each side of Z line. A Band- Dark area, myosin filaments. Z Band H zone- Only myosin, in the middle.

66. What are satellite cells?

    They are in skeletal muscle. Stem cells for regeneration of damaged muscle.

67. Cardiac muscle - Intercaled Discs

68. Intercaled Discs

69. What are the parts of intercaled discs?

    Fascia adherens anchor contractile proteins and attach cells to eachother. Desmosomes attach cells. Not seen - gap junctions.

70. Gap Junction conducts electrical signals.

71. Nerve fascicles Peripheral nerves

72. Nerve fascicle. Nerve axons are bundled into fascicles.

73. Endoneurium - fine CT around each neuron. Epineurium Bottom: Perineurium.

74. What is the function of the Perineurium?

    Allows specialized microenvironment within fascicle "blood-nerve barrier"

75. Glial Cells Arrows: Schwann cell nuclei Schwann cells form myelin sheath.

76. Myelinated schwann cell.

77. Schwann cell

78. Neuron cell body.

79. What are the layers of Tunica Intima?

    -Endothelium: simple squamous -Subendothelial layer: Loose CT -Internal Elastic Lamina: Elastic CT.

80. Subendothelial Layer - Tunica Intima. -Site of inflammatory response. -Atherosclerosis may develop due to macrophage and SM cells forming plaque in subendothelial layer. -Loose CT

81. Internal Elastic Lamina (IEL) - Tunica Intima IEL is large arteries and largest vein. Stain pale with H&E stain.

82. What are the parts of Tunica Media?

    Smooth muscle External Elastic Lamina

83. Tunica Media -Blue is External Elastic Lamina. -EEl is fenestrated elastic layer.

84. What are the parts of Tunica Adventitia?

    Dense CT Autonomic Nerves Vasa vasorum - more abdunant in veins.

85. Medium Vein Intima: THIN or NO IEL. Media: NO EEL, few layers. Adventiaia: THICK layer. -Artery has THICKER wall, tunica media more developed.

86. Artery, Vein, Arteriole, Venule? What type?

    Elastic Artery -Tunica intima: well developed -Tunica media: 40-70 layers. LARGE media Tunica adventitia: thinner than media.

87. Artery, Vein, Arteriole, Venule? What type?

    Large Vein Intima: well developed, may have IEL. Media: THIN. May barely exist. Adventitia: THICK. Prominent vasa vasorum with collagen bundles and smooth muscle.

88. IEL --> TM --> EEL --> TA

89. Arteriole. Intima: IEL present in largest arterioles, othwerwise NONE. Media: Few layers of smooth muscle. NO EEL. Adventitia: VERY thin, NO vasa vasorum. Endothelium, Media, Adventitia.

90. Arteriole Intima MEDIA is few layers. Adventitia is THIN. Venule LARGE lumen, THIN walls. -Primary location for WBCs to leave blood and enter tissues.

91. Continuous Capillary Skin, lungs, muscle, nervous tissue. Abundant pinocytoic vescicles. Continuous basal lamina, tight junction between endothelial cells.

92. What are the types of capillaries?

    Contintuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal Capillary

93. Fenestrated Capillary Endocrine glands, intestines, kidneys. Larger than continuous capillary. -Continuous basal lamina.

94. Sinusoidal Capillary Bone Marrow, Liver, Spleen. Largest.

95. Esophagus - stratified squamous epithelium. Red- Mucosa Blue- Submucosa Black- Muscularis Externa Yellow- Serosa/Adventitia

96. Mucosa of Esophagus: Epithelium: stratified squamous Lamina propria Muscularis propria Musculari mucosa Submucosa of Esophagus: innervated by submucosal plexus.

97. Stomach Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, Serosa.

98. Stomach Simple columnar at the top and stratified squamous at bottom. Caused by GERD.

99. Stomach Simple columnar epitheliuim invaginates into branches. Lamina propria Muscularis mucosa.

100. Mucous cells of Stomach