Neuro

54 flashcards · Other · by Jared Blackwell

1. d

   Between arch 1 and 2 (first and second fingers) make eardrum. Endoderm and ecotderm come together without any mesoderm. ONLY place. First brachial arch and cleft. Brachial pouches (endodermal) form palatine tonsil, parathyoid gland superior and inferior.

2. Which brachial arch does the mandible come from?

   Brachial Arch 1.

3. Which brachial arch does the styloid process come from?

   Brachial Arch 2.

4. How does the Trigeminal Nerve exit skull?

   Trigemial nerves come out of V1: Supra-orbital V2: Infra-orbital V3: Mental orbital

5. Which nerves exit out of the superior orbital fissure?

   3, 4, 6, V1

6. Which cranial nerve exits out the foraman rotundum?

   Trigemial V2

7. Which cranial nerve exits out the foraman ovale?

   Trigeminal V3 - ovale

8. Cribiform plate Optic canal Superior Orbital Fissure Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Carotid canal Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Foramen magum

9. Which nerves go through the internal acoustic meatus?

   VII and VIII Facial and Vestibulocochlear

10. Which nerves go through the jugular foramen?

    IX, X, XI Glossopharnygeal Vagus Spinal Accessory

11. Which nerves are parasympathetic?

    3, 7, 9, 10 Oculomotor Facial Glossopharyngeal Vagus

12. 1) Thalmus 2) Hypothalmus Dark because CSF enters through third ventricle. 3) Optic nerve 4) Pituitary gland

13. Sagittal Cut Basal ganglia (putamen) Don't see lateral ventricle so putamen Amygdala Hippocampus

14. Grey matter: Neurons and glial cells Oligo Astro Neuron

15. Gray matter nucleus cortex ganglion Basal Ganglia Septal nuclei Cortex

16. What are the components of the forebrain diencephalon?

    2 cerebral hemispheres Diancephalon Thalmus Hypothalmus Pineal gland

17. Longitudinal fissure Lateral ventricle Caudate always near lateral ventricle. Lateral sulcus Cistern

18. Third ventricle Aqueduct Cistern

19. Forebrain: Thalmus Hypothalmus Brainstem: Midbrain Pons Medulla Cerebeullum: Spinal cord

20. Longitudinal fissure Central sulcus Lateral sulcus (insula deep) Brainstem Cerebellum

21. Limbic Lobe Cingulate cortex Parahippocampal gyrus "Limbic system" Amygdala Insula *Find insula by opening lateral sulcus.

22. From top-->bottom: Longitundial fissue Lateral ventricle Third ventricle Cistern Insula

23. Sulci & Gyri Lobes Basal Ganglia: Caudate (near lateral ventricle). Putamen Globus pallidus

24. Temporal lobe auditory cortex Learning & memory

25. What does the limbic system do and composed of?

    Hippocampus Amygdala Insula Emotion, behavior, motivation, learning, memory, and olfaction.

26. Cerebellum Molecular layer Granuler layer Purkinje cell layer Gray matter White matter Molecular layer Purkinje layer Granuler layer White matter

27. Cerebral cortex Cerebellar cortex

28. Dendrite Nucleus Nucleolus Nissl Bodies (RER) -metabolically active.

29. Describe lipofusion and neuromelanin

    Lipofusion is from wear & tear, aging. Neuromelanin is brown pigment from catecholamine metabolsim.

30. Where can you find pseudounipolar neurons?

    Dorsal root ganglia

31. Astrocytes in Gray matter

32. Ependymal cell Lines ventricles.

33. What does brachial arch 1 give rise too?

    Mandible, Maxilla, and ear (malleus, incus).

34. What do astrocytes do?

    Maintain blood brain barrier. Guide nervous system during development. Injury response.

35. What does microglia do?

    Monocyte-derived APCs. Immunity. Activated by microorganisms or cell damage.

36. Disease with basal ganglia?

    Parkinson's disease. OCD Nuclei deep inside brain that allow for patterns to generate. Motivations, thoughts, emotion.

37. Injury to pre-central gyrus causes what?

    Loss of motor function.

38. Where are the language areas of brain?

    Bordering lateral sulcus

39. What are the parts and major functions of brainstem?

    Midbrain Pons Medulla Autonomic control (breathing) Cranial reflex Long tracts NeuroTs come from brainstem

40. Which nerves do not go through brainstem?

    Olfactory Optic Spinal accessory

41. Grey matter: Neurons and glial cells White matter: fiber tracts with glial cells (astrocytes & oligodendrocytes). **arrow pointing to caudate nuclei.

42. Choroid epithelium derived from ependymal cells. Simple cuboidal.

43. Hypoxic Encephalopathy Necrosis of pyramidal layer of hippocampus in Sommer's sector (CA1) Arrow looks gelantinous where cells died (selective vulnerability).

44. Ischemic cell damage (hypoxic neuron) in deep cerebral cortex.

45. Laminar necrosis (deep layer of cerebral cortex). Arachnoid membrane on surface.

46. Hypoxic encephalopathy in deeper layers of cortex. Neurons die, axons degenerate, and ventricles expand.

47. Lewy Body in Parkinson's disease. Eosinophilic inclusion of dopamingeric (melanin-containing neurons in substantia nigra. Hallmark of degenerative diseases is aggregation of misfolded proteins.

48. Gemistocytic astrocyte and macrophages. Astrocytes respond to injury and hypertrophy. Can see cytoplasm. Normal oligodendroglial cells and astrocytes in white matter.

49. Describe Multiple sclerosis

    Periventricular plaques and white matter lesions separated by space.

50. Leukodystrophy. Inherited disorder of myelin.

51. Central pontine myelinolysis due to osmotic changes.

52. Describe Progessive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

    JC virus attacks oligodendrocytes. Abnormal astrocytes with viral inclusions.

53. Central Chromatolysis Axonal Wallerian degeneration. Cell body gets larger. Few Nissl bodies. Peripheral nucleus

54. What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

    Immune attack on peripheral nerve myelin. Weakness in distal muscles first and ascends. Ascending paralysis. Preceeded by flu-like symptoms.