Neuro Anatomy Questions Week 3

71 flashcards · Other · by Jared Blackwell

1. Occulomotor

2. Abducens

3. Superior colliculus

5. Name the sinuses

   Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid Maxillary

6. 1) Caudate nucleus 2) Lateral ventricle 3) Thalmus 4) Internal capsule 5) Insular cortex 6) Optic tract 7) Third ventricle 8) Amygdala 11) Centrum semiovale 12) Corpus callosum 13) Hypothalamus 14) Globus pallidus 15) Putamen

7. What supplies anterior and posterior part of brain?

   Internal carotid = anterior Vertebral-basilar = posterior

8. 1) Internal cartoid a. 2) Middle cerebral a. Supplies lateral brain 3) Anterior cerebral a. Supplies superior brain 4) Posteior communicating a. 5) Anterior choroidal a. 6) Vertebral a. 7) PICA 8) AICA 9) Basilar a. 10) Superior cerebellar a. 11) Posterior cerebral a.

10. What artery in brain is the lateral supply.

    Middle cerebral artery. Comes off the Internal carotid Circle of Willis.

11. Which brain artery supplies the superior hemisphere?

    Anterior cerebral artery.

12. Middle cerebral a. Anterior cerebral a. Gray: Posterior cerebral a. Hippocampus supplied posteior a. Also thalmus posterior a.

13. Lenticulostriate arteries From middle cererbal a. Subject to HIGH PRESSURE. Rupture leads to Intracranial Hemorrhage. Prone to athersclerosis Thrombosis: Lacunar infarct.

14. Lenticulostraiates supply Basal Ganglia.

15. What supplies the Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain?

    Lateral: Medulla- PICA Pons- AICA Midbrain- Superior cerebellar a. Medial Medulla vertebral artery and anterior spinal artery. Medial Pons = basilar artery. Medial Midbrain some Basilar artery, rest is posterior cerebellar artery. *PICA infarct ipsilateral CN 9, 10, 11, 12. Contralateral sensory deficit.

16. Cerebral angiogram-internal carotid injection. Take x-ray. Now we go through femoral artery. Middle cerebral laterally and Anterior cerebral a down the middle. Second picture shows ischemia. Posterior circulation. Going to occipital and cerebellum.

17. Venous phase After arterial phase is done will see venous. Superior sagittal sinus

18. *Need to know superior sagittal straight sinus transverse sinus internal and great cerebral vein venous angle.

19. What is auto-regulation of cerebral blood flow?

    Tight control of chemical environment - Barrier systems.

20. Describe venous drainage in brain.

    Superior sagittal -> Confluence -> Transverse -> Sigmoid -> Internal jugular vein

21. Describe Hypoxic Encephalopathy

    Heart stops and resuscitated Purkinje cells Deep layer of cerebral cortex CA-1 of hippocampus ??? LOOK AT RANCE LECTURE

22. Watershed infarct

23. Large vessel atherosclerosis. No lines of Zahn- Postmortem. Fibrosis cap.

24. Embolus Spaces are cholesterol clefts from atherosclerotic cleft.

25. Carotid atherosclerosis with recent thrombosis Internal carotid narrowed. Posterior arteries also narrowed. No collateral flow. Anterior & middle artery.

26. Infarct of anterior & middle circulation. 2nd picture has infarct with brain herniation.

27. Arterioloscerlosis Fibrosis replacement of muscular wall.

28. Lacunar infarct - all the little holes are infarcts. Corpus collosum Lateral ventricle Caudate Putamen Thalamus Pineal gland Between putamen and thalamus is internal capsule.

29. Lacunar infarct of Pons Corticospinal tract.

30. Infarct vs hemorrhagic infarct Hemorrahgic infarct when there is reperfusion such as cardiac emboli.

31. Hypertensive Hemorrhage Vessel wall becomes weak and dilates --> aneurysm. Hemorrhagic Infarct Dilated vessel may bleed. Arterioloscerlsosis leading to Microaneurysm of Charcot-Bouchard. Lenticuolstraite arteies HTH.

32. Subarachnoid hemorrhage Bleeding into CSF space (arachnoid & pia mater). Berrry aneurysm between anterior communicating a. Sudden "Worse headache of my life" Nuchal rigidity, fever common.

33. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Congo red stain (left). Apple green birefringence Lobar hemorrhage. In lobes. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy.

34. Spina bifida with menigocele

35. Spina bifida with myelomeningocele

36. Encephalocele Spina bifida but in head.

37. Chiari malformation

38. Chiari and myelomeningocele Hydrocephalus Beak Flat pons Cerebellar extension Myelomengingocele

39. Holoprosencephaly Non-complete diverticulation No corpus collosum Large single ventricle with thalamus fused. No 3rd ventricle. -Failure prosencephalon (forebrain of the embryo) fails to develop into two hemispheres.

40. Neuronal Proliferation & Migration Issues: Lissencephaly "Smooth brain." Polymicrogyria Multiple small gyri. Heterotpia Gray matter/neurons never migrated from ventricle. Germinal matrix zone. Microcephaly

41. Germinal matrix hemorrhage

42. Periventricular leukomalacia Necrosis of white matter next to ventricle. Interrupts motor tracts-Cortiocospinal tracts. Spastic paralysis, hyperreflexia.

43. Periventricular leukomalacia Necrotic white matter results in cystic space due to phagocytosis of necrotic debris.

44. Meningitis Infection in subarchnoid space.

45. Difference in Epidural and Subdural Hematoma?

    Epidural hematoma Trauma, skull fracture Arterial blood. Rupture of middle meningeal artery. Subdural hematoma Tear of bridging vein. Venous blood. Atrophy of brain will leave more space between Dura and brain.

46. Epidural rupture of middle meningeal artery-branch of maxillary.

47. What originates from neural crest cells?

    ANS Dorsal root ganglia. Postganglionic autonomic & enteric neurons. Chromaffin cells in Adrenal Medulla. Melanocytes Schwann cells Satellite cells

48. Dorsal motor nucleus - Parasympathetic preganglionic fiber cell bodies for Vagus Solitary tract to the left (2nd order sensory for CN 7, 9, 10).

49. What are alpha 1 receptors?

    Adrenergic receptor coupled with Gq which activates Protein Kinase C --> release Ca2+ --> smooth muscle contraction.

50. What are alpha 2 receptors?

    Inhibitory adrenergic receptor coupled with Gi at presynaptic terminal. Clonidine binds alpha2 (Gi) at presynaptic terminal, releases NE, which inhibits pain neurotransmitters.

51. Describe Muscarinic receptors

    They bind ACh released from postganglionic cholinergic axons. M1, 3, 5 are Gq. M2 & 4 are Gi. M2 is inhibitory on heart via Vagus.

52. What G-protein are Beta receptors coupled with?

    Gs

53. What is storage mode for bladder?

    Sympathetic NS T11-L2 (IG) go to inferior mesenteric ganglion. The postganglionic neurons release NE on detrusor to inhibit postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. Parasympathetics make bladder relax to urinate. T11-L2 also constricts Internal Sphincter. Somatic LMN from S2-S4 Onfu's nucleus constricts external sphincter. "S's" Storage mode = Sympathetic.

54. Describe elimination mode of bladder

    Parsympathetic NS from S2-S4 go to postganglionic neurons on detrusor to contract detrusor. Inhibition of LMN to external sphincter.

55. Describe interactions between nervous system when it is time to urinate.

    Pontine micturition center (in Pons) sends inhibitory signal to sympathetics T11-L2. Also inhibits Onuf's nucleus. Sends "go" signal to parasympathetics to contract detrusor.

56. Bladder control

57. What drug controls blood pressure by inhibiting synthesis and storage of norepinephrine?

    Reserpine Blockes reuptake of NE in vesicle transporter.

58. What drug would cause detrusor contraction?

    Muscarnic agonist i.e. Bethanechol

59. Describe olfactory system

    Odor binds G-protein G-protein activates cAMP cAMP allows Ca2+ to enter. Ca2+ triggers Cl- channels for efflux. Cl- allows AP.

60. Where do mitral cells of olfactory tract go?

    Olfactory bulb sends mitral axons to uncus where the piriform cortex is. DOES NOT go directly to Thalamus. Piriform cortex goes to thalamus&hypothalamus. Hippocampus & amygdala. Back to olfactory bulb and olfactory association cortex-orbitofrontal cortex.

61. Name taste buds

    Cicrumvallate papillae Foliate papilllae Fungiform papillae

62. Describe tongue innervation and gustatory system

    5 - touch of tongue 7 - taste anterior tongue Fungiform & foliate 9 - taste posterior tongue Circumvallate papillae CN 7, 9, 10 goes to Rostral medulla Solitary tract, then nucleus solitary tract, then Thalamus, then Insula. Reflex at nucleus solitary tract goes to dorsal motor nucleus of Vagus.

63. What is the neurotransmitter to activate tongue nerves?

    ATP comes out hemichannel. Vesicular ATP release.

64. Describe an AICA stroke

    Affects the lateral pons Vestibular nuclei- nystagmus Sympathetic tract- Horner's V- loss of pain/temp face. VII- loss of taste anterior. VII- facial droop VIII - deafness STT- pain/temp contralateral.

65. Describe a PICA stroke

    Affects lateral medulla V- loss pain/temp face STT- pain temp contralateral. Vestibular nuclei- nystagmus. Sympathetic tract- Horner's Nucleus Ambiguus- IX, X. Hoarseness, decrease gag, dysphagia.

66. Describe an ASA stroke at spinal cord

    Affects everything BUT posterior column. Bilateral paralysis. Will only have vibration and proprioception.

67. Describe ASA stroke at medulla

    CST, Medial lemsiscus, and CN XII. Contralateral hemiparesis. Contralteral loss of proprioception/vibration. Flaccid paralysis of tongue. Points to lesion side.

68. Describe area and loss for AICA, PICA, and ASA stroke

69. 3) Subfalcine herniation Side to side Cingulate gyrus extends Drags ACA, leg paresis. 2) Central Diencephalon --> Midbrain 1) Uncal Side to bottom Midbrain compression Compress CN 3-dilated pupil Collapse PCA-visual loss. Hemiparesis 5) Tonsillar hernaition Go through foramen magnum Compression of medulla Cardiorespiratory failure.

70. What deficits may this patient have?

    Brainstem stroke Contralateral weakness Ipsilateral CN 5, 6, 7, deficit.

71. What is wrong with this picture?

    Dissected vertebral artery from whiplash injury.