WJEC AS Level Biology Unit 1.2 (Cell structure and organisation)

104 flashcards · Biology · by Lili Lewis

  1. Mitochondria structure (diagram)

  2. Mitochondria structure (description)

    Double membraned (inner and outer membrane). Inner membrane is folded into cristae. The inner region of the mitochondrion, located inside the inner membrane, is called the mitochondrial matrix and contains all the enzymes needed for respiration. Have their own DNA. Contain 70S ribosomes.

  3. Mitochondria function

    Produce ATP in aerobic respiration. Some of the reactions occur in the matrix, others in the IM. Cristae provide a large SA for the attachment of enzymes involved in respiration.

  4. Mitochondria adaptation for function

    Cylindrical - have a larger SA than a sphere of the same vol., SA:V is bigger. Compared with a sphere, being a cylinder reduces the diffusion distance between the edge and the center, making AR more efficient. Cristae provide a large SA for the attachment of enzymes involved in respiration, so more ATP can be produced.

  5. Mitochondria location

    All eukaryotic cells. More found in metabolically active cells with very high energy requirements, e.g. liver cells (lots of protein synthesis etc.), nervous tissue (lots of active transport), muscle tissue (for muscle contraction). Need a plentiful supply of ATP. Contain many mitochondria, reflecting the high metabolic activity taking place.

  6. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum structure (diagram)

  7. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum structure (description)

    System of parallel double membranes forming flattened sacs with interconnected, fluid-filled spaces between them, called cisternae. Bounded by a single layer of membrane. 80S ribosomes are attached on the outer surface. Continuous with the nuclear membrane.

  8. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum function

    Site of protein synthesis by ribosomes. Then transports the proteins within it and vesicles containing proteins bud off it to be transported to the Golgi Body.

  9. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum adaptation for function

    The attached ribosomes synthesize protein. The membrane channels transport the synthesized protein through the cells.

  10. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum location

    All eukaryotic cells. Abundant in cells that secrete large amounts of proteins, e.g. protein hormones, enzymes or antibodies, and those that store large quantities of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, including liver and secretory cells.

  11. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum structure (diagram)

    cisternae

  12. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum structure (description)

    System of parallel double membranes forming flattened sacs with interconnected, fluid-filled spaces between them, called cisternae. Bounded by a single layer of membrane. Comprised of membranes that lack ribosomes.

  13. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum function

    Synthesises and transports lipids. Vesicles bud off and carry newly synthesised lipids and proteins to the Golgi Body (transport vesicles)

  14. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum adaptation for function

    The membrane bound channels transport the synthesised lipids throughout the cell.

  15. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum location

    All eukaryotic cells. Abundant in cells which secrete a lot of lipids.

  16. Ribosome structure (diagram)

  17. Ribosome structure (description)

    Assembled in the nucleolus from rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and protein. Formed of a large subunit and small subunit with a groove between which mRNA fits into. Has two tRNA binding sites. Smaller in prokaryotic cells than eukaryotic cells. Much smaller than the nucelus and mitochondria. Electron micrographs = black dots.

  18. Ribosome function

    Protein synthesis Forms peptide bonds joining amino acids together. This is the translation stage of protein synthesis where mRNA is used to assemble the polypeptide chain.

  19. Ribosome location

    All cells Prokaryotic = 70S, in cytoplasm Eukaryotic cells = 80S, where they occur singly in cytoplasm or attached to membranes on the RER

  20. Golgi Body structure (diagram)

  21. Golgi Body structure (description)

    Resembles the structure of the ER but is more compact Flattened membranous sacs (cisternae) which are stacked next to each other, not connected.

  22. Golgi Body function

    Vesicles containing proteins pinch off from the RER. Fuse with the membrane of the Golgi Body. Proteins are modified. Produce secretory enzymes, packaged into secretory vesicles Secreting carbohydrates, e.g. for the formation of plant cell walls Producing glycoproteins Transporting and storing lipids Forming lysosomes, containing digestive enzymes Makes lysosomes and packages proteins into secretory vesicles (for export out of the cell by exocytosis where the vesicle and cell surface membrane f…

  23. Golgi Body adaptation for function

    Contains enzymes to allow all the reactions. its membranes is used to package proteins into vesicles/lysosomes

  24. Golgi Body location

    All eukaryotic cells. Abundant in cells which synthesise and secrete a lot of protein.

  25. Lysosome structure (description)

    Small, temporary vacuoles surrounded by a single membrane, formed by being pinched off from the Golgi Body. (membrane-bound vesicles/sacs which contain digestive ezymes)

  26. Lysosome function

  27. Lysosome adaptation for function

  28. Lysosome location

  29. Centriole structure (diagram)

  30. Centriole structure (description)

  31. Centriole function

  32. Centriole adaptation for function

  33. Centriole location

  34. Chloroplast structure (diagram)

  35. Chloroplast structure (description)

  36. Chloroplast function

  37. Chloroplast adaptation for function

  38. Chloroplast location

  39. Vacuole structure (diagram)

  40. Vacuole structure (description)

  41. Vacuole function

  42. Vacuole adaptation for function

  43. Vacuole location

  44. Nucleus structure (diagram)

    + Nuclear Envelope

  45. Nucleus structure (description)

  46. Nucleus function

  47. Nucleus adaptation for function

  48. Nucleus location

  49. Chromatin structure (description)

  50. Chromatin function

  51. Chromatin adaptation for function

  52. Chromatin location

  53. Nuclear Envelope structure (description)

  54. Nuclear Envelope function

  55. Nuclear Envelope adaptation for function

  56. Nuclear Envelope location

  57. Nucleolus structure (description)

  58. Nucleolus function

  59. Nucleolus adaptation for function

  60. Nucleolus location

  61. Plasmodesmata structure (diagram)

  62. Plasmodesmata structure (description)

  63. Plasmodesmata function

  64. Plasmodesmata adaptation for function

  65. Plasmodesmata location

  66. Prokaryotic cells

  67. Prokaryotic cell structure (description)

  68. Prokaryotic cell structure (diagram)

  69. Eukaryotic cells

  70. Eukaryotic cell structure (description)

  71. Eukaryotic cell structure (diagram)

  72. Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

  73. Differences between Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

  74. Differences between Animal Cells and Plant Cells

  75. Viruses

  76. Virus structure (description)

  77. Virus structure (diagram)

  78. Cell Theory

  79. Endosymbiotic Theory

  80. Levels of organisation in eurkaryotes

  81. Epithelial tissue

  82. Epithelial tissue structure (description)

  83. Epithelial tissue structure (diagram)

  84. Epithelial tissue function

  85. Epithelial tissue examples

  86. Epithelial tissue location

  87. Muscle tissue

  88. Muscle tissue structure (description)

  89. Muscle tissue structure (diagram)

  90. Muscle tissue function

  91. Muscle tissue examples

  92. Connective tissue

  93. Connective tissue structure (description)

  94. Connective tissue structure (diagram)

  95. Connective tissue function

  96. Connective tissue examples

  97. Connective tissue location

  98. Magnification, Actual Size and Image Size equation

  99. Calculation of Magnification

  100. Calculation of Actual Size of a structure