Neuro FINAL EXAM

69 flashcards · Other · by Jared Blackwell

  1. Diffuse Astrocytoma Arrow shows a neoplastic cell infiltrating through brain. Astrocytes do NOT have visible cytoplasm with H&E stain. Normal Astrocyte

  2. Gemistocytic Astrocytes

  3. What occurs with a right parietal lobe injury?

    Hemi-neglect on left side.

  4. What occurs with a left parietal lobe injury?

    Apraxia Decreased comprehension, language, and arrhythmic.

  5. What does the Lateral area of the Hypothalamus do?

    Eating center. Ghrelin goes to Arcuate Nucleus then Lateral Hypothalamus to increase hunger. Damage causes aphagia. Keep you Awake. Orexin secreted by lateral hypothalamus and increases Histamine. Narcopleptic patients lack Orexin. **Lesion at Rostral/Lateral Hypothalamus--> Insomnia.

  6. What does the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus do?

    Does satiety. "I am FULL." Leptin stimulates ventromedial. Ghrelin inhibits it. Damage results in obesity.

  7. What does the posterior hypothalamus do?

    Senses decreased body temp and conserves heat w/ shivering etc.

  8. Which parts of brain do explicit and implicit memory?

    Explicit-events & facts. Right hippocampus does spatial memory. Left hippocampus does word recall. Implicit- procedural, skills & habits. Conditioned reflexes is cerebellum. Doing a puzzle multiple times is cerebellum.

  9. How do you treat Alzheimer's?

    AChesterase inhibitor Donepezil Galantamine Rivastigmine NMDA Antagonist Memantine, thought to keep brain cells alive longer.

  10. What does the tectospinal tract do?

    Controls neck muscles and eye movements from superior colliculus. "Hear noise, look what it is." Medial pathway.

  11. What does a stroke involving the lenticulostriate artery cause?

    Contralateral paralysis and sensory loss of upper limb and face. Damage to striatum or internal capsule.

  12. What cells are vulnerable to injury like hypoxic encephalopathy?

    Purkinje cells of cerebellum Deep layers of cerebral cortex (laminar necrosis). Pyramidal neurons Sommer's sector CA1 of Hippocampus.

  13. Neurofibrillary Tangle - Alzheimer's. Tau is misfolded protein in tangle. Also in neuritic processes. *Tau found in CTE astrocytes, not diffuse.

  14. Neuritic plaque. Fragments of axons & dendrites. Neurofibrillary tangle. Center has B-amyloid surrounded by neuritic processes with Tau.

  15. Alzheimer's

  16. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Pick disease. Tau-positive Pick's bodies, round intracytoplasmic inclusions. -Affects emotions, behaviors, personality, and language.

  17. Degeneration of neuromelanin neurons in substantia nigra.

  18. Lewy Body (Parkinson's disease). Toxic misfolded alpha synuclein. Lewy body dementia get lewy bodies in cerebral cortex.

  19. ALS: Pale areas in corticospinal tract. Tiny ventral roots.

  20. Neuronal inclusion in anterior horn cells in ALS. Neuronal inclusion for misfolded TDP-43.

  21. Name the diseases: B-amyloid peptide Tau a-synuclein TDP-43 Huntingtin

    B-amyloid: Alzheimer Tau: Alzheimer & Pick, and CTE. a-synuclein: Parkinson TDP-43: ALS Huntigtons

  22. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Spongiform change.

  23. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Spongiform change in cerebellum.

  24. Spongiform change and amyloid plaques in new variant CJD. Younger, longer duration. Psychiatric component. Cerebellar signs more common.

  25. What does the Pre-Botizinger complex do?

    Rostral medulla controls breathing via pacemaker neurons, Glutamanergic neurons have receptors for substance P (accelerate breathing) and mu opioid that slows breathing. Dorsal surface of rostral medulla has area postrema for chemotaxis area.

  26. Bacterial meningitis Collection of pus in subarchnoid space.

  27. Describe organisms for bacterial meningitis and age

    Neonates Group B strep; E. Coli Infants/Children Influenzae Teens/Young adults Neisseria meningitidis Elderly Strep. pneumoniae

  28. Viral encephalitits - perivascular lymphocytes. See perivascular lymphocytes in MS as well. Viral encephalitis - microglial nodules. Elongated nuclei.

  29. Herpes encephalitis Inflammation & hemorrhage of temporal lobes. HSV-1 reactivation in trigeminal ganglion. Perivascular mononuclear cells, encephalitis, brain necrosis.

  30. Herpes Encephalitis Temporal lobes. Perivascular mononuclear cells, encephalitis, brain necrosis.

  31. Herpes encephalitis - Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusion. Positive stainging w/ immunohistochemistry.

  32. HIV encephalitis

  33. Crptococcus in AIDS patient. (fungus).

  34. What supplies the cingulate gyrus?

    The ACA

  35. What supplies the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus?

    Lenticulostriate arteries (perforating branches from MCA).

  36. What is the blood supply to Amygdala?

    Anterior Choroidal Artery (from ICA).

  37. What is common finding in Venous Thrombosis

    Venous thrombosis commonly has papiledema and headache.

  38. Where is damage associated with for aphasia?

    Typically left perisylvian and extrasylvian.

  39. Differentiate between MCA and PCA stroke in terms of Aphasia

    PCA stroke affects written more than spoken language. Aphasia most common following left perisylvian damage due to MCA stroke.

  40. Fluent or Non-fluent aphasia?

  41. Describe anomic aphasia

    Fluent Good auditor, Normal repetition. Naming impairement is a hallmark. Damage outside perisylvian zone.

  42. Describe conduction aphasia

    Fluent Good auditory comprehension. Poor repetition. Phonemic parphasias "kate" for "kite"

  43. Wernicke's aphasia

    Fluent Poor Auditory and Repetition. Deficits in comprehension.

  45. Describe different Transcortical aphasias

    Transcortical Sensory Aphasia Fluent Good repetition Poor comprehension "point to pen and the book..IDK" Transcortical Motor Aphasia Nonfluent Good repetition & comprehension. May be mute. Mixed Transcortical Aphasia Nonfluent Good repetition. Carotid occlusion or anoxia. *ALL transcortical aphasia have good repetition.

  46. Describe Broca's aphasia

    Nonfluent Good auditory comprehension Bad reps. Naming impaired. Damage to Broca's area, insula, Anterior parietal lobe.

  47. Global aphasia

    Nonfluent Bad auditory comprehension Bad reps

  48. Tay Sachs Normal

  49. Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Symmetrical, diffuse injury to myelin. Storage material stained brown with blue dye.

  50. Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Storage material stained brown with blue dye.

  51. Huntington's Disease. Degeneration of Caudate and Putamen.

  52. What does a lesion to the Rostral and Caudal Hypothalamus cause for sleep?

    Rostral & Lateral hypothalamus damage causes insomnia. Also aphagia. Caudal hypothalamus damage causes drowsiness.

  53. What does damage to Mid Pons cause for sleep?

    Constant wakefulness, goes away after a few weeks.

  54. What does the preoptic nucleus do?

    Sends GABA inhibition to Tuberomammillary Nuclei which release Histamine. Helps sleep. Retina->Suprachiasmatic Nuclei--> Preoptic Nuclei GABA-> Tuberomammillary Nuclei-> Inhibits Histamine to Lateral hypothalamus nuclei.

  55. Which anesthetics increase intracranial pressure?

    NO, Ketamine, Sevoflurane.

  56. Which anesthetics are airway irritants?

    Desflurane & Isoflurane. Halogenated gases- malignant hyperthemia.

  57. Which part of the brain is responsible for working memory?

    Prefrontal Cortex does short-term, working memory. Specifically the dorsolateral PFC.

  58. Aneurysms affecting the posterior cerebral artery affect what?

    CN 3 CN2 often posterior communicating artery.

  59. Damage to the right cerebral peduncle causes what?

    Left sided ataxia Left lower facial droop Left hyperreflexia

  60. What does the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex do?

    Cognitive executive functions. Applies rules and strategies. (remember door code quickly). Damage have difficulty initiating tasks, and shifting from one task to another. Test problem solving, sequencing, and planning with Tower of Hanoi task. Perseverance is opposite of cognitive flexibility. Wisconsin card-sorting task (can’t switch between rules of matching cards).

  61. What does the ventromedial prefrontal cortex do?

    More emotional executive functions. Damage to VMPFC are impulsive & have difficulty suppressing inappropriate responses & emotional reactions Damage issues with emotions, social relationships, impulses, personality. Overactive leads to depression. Iowa gambling task

  62. What happens with an UMN lesion for micturition?

    Damage to midthoracic spinal cord and pontine micturition center. External sphincter never gets signal from pontine micturition center to relax. Detrusor contracts hard but urine may flow back to ureters and kidney. Lose sympathetic NE going to B3 receptor on Detrusor to relax. Also external sphincter remains constricted.

  63. What happens with an LMN lesion for micturition?

    Damage to conus medullaris, cauda equina, sacral cord. Detrusor can't contract, bladder expands. Small amounts of urine leaks slowly at times. Dribbles. No contraction of detrusor and external sphincter remains open. Lose parasympathetic S2-S4 innervation to M3 receptor on Detrusor to contract. Lose Onuf's nucleus. This causes opening of external sphincter.

  65. A patient can't detect pain & temperature on the left side tip and bridge of her nose as well as deficits in pain and temperature on the right side for her body. Where might the damage be?

    Left caudal to Mid medulla Covering mouth, nose, & eyes with hands is Caudal to Mid Medulla. Everything else on head is Medulla decussation.

  67. Describe lateral medullary syndrome?

    Diminished pain/temp. in the left arm and leg. Diminished pain/temp. right side of the face. Drooping right eyelid Constricted right pupil Ataxia Weak right palate Right medulla affected.

  68. What occurs with a pineal tumor?

    Sits on top of Midbrain causes vertical gaze palsy can't look up. May also lose pupillary relflex due to posterior commissure.

  69. Difference in bipolar I and bipolar II?

    Bipolar I has mania Bipolar II has hypomania with at least one depressive epidsode.