Innate immunity

32 flashcards · Other · by Annicke Van Wyk

1. 2 forms of innate immunity

   anatomical barriers cellular response

2. how does the skin act as an anatomical barrier?(3)

   surface epidermal cells carry away pathogens &=water-proof>>resists invasion sebaceous glands secrete sebum>>acidic & defensins disrupt bacterial membranes commensal bacteria outcompete/inhibit pathogenic growth

3. how does the mouth/ailemantary canal act as an anatomical barrier?(3)

   enzymes antibac. peptides sweeping of fluid to stomach

4. how does the stomach act as an anatomical barrier?(5)

   enzymes bile salts acidic conditions fluid flow to SI antibact. peptides

5. how does the SI act as an anatomical barrier?(3)

   enzymes antibact. peptides fluid flow to LI

6. how does the LI act as an anatomical barrier?(2)

   commensal flora outcompete/inhibit growth of pathogenic bact. fluid/faeces expelled from rectum

7. how does the airway/lungs act as an anatomical barrier?(4)

   cilia=mucocilliary escalator macrophages secrete defensins mucus

8. how does the urogenital act as an anatomical barrier?(3)

   flushing low pH(acidic) antibact. peptides

9. how do the salivary/lacrimal/mammary glands act as an anatomical barrier?(2)

   flushing/secretion antibact. peptides

10. what process occurs during the innate cellular response

    phagocytosis

11. what are phagocytes and give 2 Eg.s

    phagocytes are immune cells that kill micro-organisms by consuming/engulfing them as well as debris and foreign matter

12. what is opsonisation(4)

    opsonins attach to foreign org. cause chemical/structural change attract phagocytes that have specific/complementary receptors micro-org. = phagocytosed

13. what is pseudopodia

    cytoplasm surrounding bacterium during phaogcytosis

14. 2 main types of bacterial killing

    O2 (in)dependent

15. explain O2 independent bacterial killing

    pre-formed toxins stored in bacterial lysosomes lysosome fuse with phagosome (phagolysosome) release enzymes

16. explain O2 dependent bacterial killing

    highly reactive O2 species& free radicals are produced in the phagolysosome enzymes in the membrane assist formation these species are toxic to the micro. org results in 'respiratory burst'

17. what are PRRs explain their role give eg.

    Pattern Recognition Receptors recognise molecular pattern on micro-orgs. toll-like receptors

18. what 3 things happen when a phagocyte is activated

    increase metabolic rate enhanced ability to seek/kill micro-org. secrete cytokines

19. what are complement proteins how many sub-units what do they do(2)

    blood& tissue plasma proteins C1-9 recognise & bind to microbe substances pro-inflammatory effects- in enzymatic cascade-produce effector molecules

20. what do C3a/C5a complement proteins do(3)

    diffuse into EC fluid: attract phagocytes & stick to their surface attract inflammatory cells by chemotaxis degranulate mast cells

21. what do C3b complement proteins do

    attaches to bacterial cell wall and acts as an opsonin

22. what does the C9 complement protein do

    forms pore in bacterial membrane: no longer able to regulate osmotic pressure exchange of substances = disrupted >> kills bacteria

23. what is this diagram displaying?

    membrane attack complex

24. what are mast cells?

    inflammatory cells already located in tissues

25. what do mast cell granules contain and what does each inflammatory mediator do?(3)

    Histamine>> increases BV permeability Prostaglandins>>stimulates pain receptors & increases BV permeability Chemotactic factors>>for eosinophils + neutrophils

26. what is degranulation

    membrane of granules fuses with outer cell membrane & contents are released

27. what causes degranulation?(4)

    trauma temp. change chemicals/drugs C3a/C5a cytokines

28. name 3 molecules that lead to the loss of plasma from capillaries

    histamine prostaglandins IL-1

29. what are the 2 systemic effects of inflammation

    fever acute phase reaction

30. what is meant by a fever and explain how it is created(3)

    increase in core body temp. pro-inflammatory cytokines& prostaglandins circulate in the brain cause increase in set point in thermoregulatory centre

31. what is meant by acute phase reaction & explain what happens

    pro-inflammatory cytokines circulate liver secretes proteins

32. which proteins does the liver secrete during the acute phase reaction?(4)

    protease inhibitors c-reactive co-agulation complement