CH 6 LECTURE EXAM REFERENCE SHEET

34 flashcards · Other · by Fatdoink1

1. ends in -blasts

   produces more cells

2. ends in -cytes

   maintains cells, doesn't produce them anymore

3. exogenous cartilage growth

   In appositional (exogenous) growth, chondroblasts in the perichondrium add new cartilage to the outside edge of the existing cartilage. happens in childhood/adolescence

4. endogenous cartilage growth

   In interstitial (endogenous) growth, chondrocytes in the center of the tissue divide and add more matrix in between the existing cells happens in the rest of adulthood

5. compact bone structure, function, and location

   structure: Hard, bony matrix predominates; many osteocytes are located within lacunae that are distributed in a circular fashion around the central canals; small passageways connect adjacent lacunae Function: Provides great strength and support; forms a solid outer shell on bones that keeps them from being easily broken or punctured Location: Outer portions of all bones, the shafts of long bones

6. cancellous bone structure, function, and location

   structure: SPONGY BONE Latticelike network of scaffolding characterized by trabeculae with large spaces between them filled with hemopoietic tissue; the osteocytes, or bone cells, are located within lacunae in the trabeculae Function: Acts as scaffolding to provide strength and support without the greater weight of compact bone Location: In the interior of the bones of the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and pelvis; in the ends of the long bones

7. types of bone ossification

   intramembranous endochondral

8. endochondral ossification

   FIRST cartilage is formed, then turned into bone

9. intramembranous ossification

   bone is formed

10. calcitonin and PHT

    antagonistic hormones that regulate the balance of calcium between bone and blood

11. what is bone remodeling

    the ongoing replacement of bone tissue with new bone tissue bone is constantly replaced by osteoCLASTS and made new by osteoBLASTS

12. open (compound) bone fracture

    fracture where there's an open wound on the skin near the bone

13. closed (simple) bone fracture

    bone breaks but there's no open wound in the skin

14. incomplete bone fracture

    fracture where bone is cracked or partially broken

15. complete bone fracture

    fracture where the bone is in two separate pieces

16. spontaneous bone fracture

    fractures that occur without precipitating factors and without the degree of trauma that is usually required to break a bone

17. comminuted fracture

    bone breaks into MORE than two pieces

18. impacted fracture

    a break where the ends are driven INTO each other

19. linear fracture

    run parallel to the long axis of the bone (literally a line in the middle)

20. transverse fracture

    perpendicular to the shaft (long part) of bone

21. spiral fracture

    bone is twisted broken, has a spiral breakage around the bone

22. oblique fracture

    bone is broken at an angle

23. dentate fracture

    have rough, toothed and broken ends

24. stellate fracture

    breakage lines radiate from a single point

25. greenstick fracture

    fractures like a twig, most common in children who have flexible bones

26. hairline fracture

    2 broken sections of bone DONT separate (ex: skull fractures)

27. rickets cause, symptoms

    caused by vitamin D deficiency (which means no calcium)

28. scurvy cause, symptoms

    caused by vitamin C deficiency (which means no collagen)

29. hematoma

    a localized mass of blood released from blood vessels but confined within an organ or a space. (When a bone is fractured, the blood vessels in the bone and surrounding periosteum are damaged and a hematoma forms)

30. callus

    a mass of bone tissue that forms at a fracture site (in attempt to connect the broken ends of bones)

31. callus ossification

    callus is replaced by woven spongy bone through endochondral ossification. osteoblasts enter the internal callus and begin to produce bone. Eventually, the fibers and cartilage of the internal callus are replaced by woven spongy bone, which further stabilizes the broken bone.

32. effects of aging on bone loss

    the bone matrix in an older bone is more brittle than in a younger bone because decreased collagen production results in relatively more mineral and less collagen fibers. With aging, the amount of matrix also decreases because the rate of matrix formation by osteoblasts becomes slower than the rate of matrix breakdown by osteoclasts. Significant loss of bone increases the likelihood of bone fractures.

33. effect of exercise on bones

    bone becomes stronger

34. factors that effect bone growth

    nutrition (vitamin C and D) genetics hormones (testostetrone, estrogen)