IELTS Vocabularies
171 flashcards · English · by Thang Vo
Astonishing rate [əˈstɒnɪʃɪŋ reɪt]
(noun phrase): an unexpectedly high or impressive speed, level, or degree at which something happens or develops, often surprising or remarkable in nature. Sample Sentences: The city’s population has been growing at an astonishing rate, putting pressure on housing and infrastructure. Innovations in renewable energy are being implemented at an astonishing rate, offering new hope for sustainability. Online content consumption increased at an astonishing rate during the pandemic as people spent mo…
Became increasingly congested [bɪˈkeɪm ɪnˈkriːsɪŋli kənˈʤɛstɪd]
(verb phrase): gradually became more crowded, clogged, or blocked over time, typically referring to places, roads, systems, or pathways that are overwhelmed with traffic, people, or things. Sample Sentences: As more people moved to the city, the downtown area became increasingly congested with traffic. The narrow hallway became increasingly congested as fans tried to enter the stadium. Over the years, the airport terminals became increasingly congested, making it harder for travelers to navigat…
In addition [ɪn əˈdɪʃən]
(prepositional phrase): used to introduce extra information, an additional point, or an accompanying factor, often to build upon a previous statement. Sample Sentences: The new policy will reduce costs; in addition, it will improve overall efficiency in the department. She received a promotion; in addition, her responsibilities increased significantly. The conference offered valuable insights; in addition, it provided excellent networking opportunities. Regular exercise improves physical health…
The expansion of [ði ɪkˈspænʃən əv]
(noun phrase): the process of enlarging, increasing, or developing something in size, scope, or influence. Sample Sentences: The expansion of the company into international markets brought new opportunities and challenges. With the expansion of the subway system, commuting in the city became faster and more convenient. The expansion of digital technology has transformed industries worldwide. The expansion of the university's campus will provide more space for students and new programs. The expa…
The overground railway network [ði ˌoʊvərˈɡraʊnd ˈreɪlweɪ ˈnɛtwɜrk]
(noun phrase): a system of train lines and services that operate above ground level, typically connecting urban or suburban areas, often complementing underground metro systems. Sample Sentences: The overground railway network provides a convenient alternative for commuters traveling to areas not served by the subway. Expanding the overground railway network has improved accessibility to the city’s outskirts. The overground railway network is known for its scenic routes, offering passengers bea…
Resulted in [rɪˈzʌltɪd ɪn]
(verb phrase): caused or led to a specific outcome or consequence as a direct effect of an action or event. Sample Sentences: The heavy rainfall resulted in widespread flooding across the region. His lack of preparation resulted in poor performance during the presentation. The company's innovative strategy resulted in a significant increase in revenue. The late delivery resulted in a dissatisfied customer and a loss of future business opportunities. A breakdown in communication resulted in conf…
Should not be allowed [ʃʊd nɒt bi əˈlaʊd]
(verb phrase): indicates that something is deemed inappropriate, unacceptable, or prohibited, and thus permission for it should not be granted. Sample Sentences: Smoking in public spaces should not be allowed due to health and safety concerns. Such reckless behavior should not be allowed in a professional environment. The use of mobile phones during exams should not be allowed to maintain fairness. Discrimination of any kind should not be allowed in the workplace. Unauthorized access to sensiti…
Formed a ring [fɔːrmd ə rɪŋ]
(verb phrase): arranged or shaped into a circular configuration, often used to describe people, objects, or phenomena creating a circular pattern or enclosure. Sample Sentences: The children formed a ring around the campfire and sang songs. Clouds formed a ring around the mountain peak, creating a mystical scene. The protesters formed a ring around the government building to block access. The dancers joined hands and formed a ring in the middle of the stage. The trees formed a natural ring arou…
Horse-drawn traffic [hɔːrs-drɔːn ˈtræfɪk]
(noun phrase): vehicles, carts, or carriages pulled by horses, typically used for transportation in pre-automobile eras or in modern contexts for traditional or tourist purposes. Sample Sentences: The cobblestone streets were once bustling with horse-drawn traffic in the 19th century. During the festival, the town features horse-drawn traffic to recreate the historical ambiance. The transition from horse-drawn traffic to motor vehicles revolutionized urban transportation. Tourists enjoyed explo…
Overcrowded slums [ˌoʊvərˈkraʊdɪd slʌmz]
(noun phrase): densely populated, underdeveloped urban areas characterized by inadequate housing, poor sanitation, and a lack of basic services, where living conditions are often cramped and unhealthy. Sample Sentences: Many families in the city live in overcrowded slums with limited access to clean water and healthcare. The government launched a project to improve living conditions in the overcrowded slums on the outskirts of the capital. Overcrowded slums often become breeding grounds for dis…
Amongst [əˈmʌŋst]
(preposition): used to indicate being surrounded by or included in a group of people, things, or ideas; a more formal or poetic alternative to "among." Sample Sentences: She felt at ease amongst her closest friends at the reunion. The ancient treasure was hidden amongst the dense foliage of the forest. There was a heated debate amongst the team members about the best approach to take. The truth was lost amongst the rumors and speculation. He stood out amongst his peers due to his exceptional sk…
The most vocal advocates [ðə məʊst ˈvəʊkəl ˈædvəkəts]
(noun phrase): individuals or groups who actively and passionately express their support or opposition to a cause, issue, or idea, often by speaking out strongly and publicly. Sample Sentences: The most vocal advocates for climate action demanded immediate government intervention to reduce emissions. Teachers have become the most vocal advocates for increased funding in public education. Animal rights organizations are among the most vocal advocates against the fur industry. She is one of the m…
Solicitor [səˈlɪsɪtə]
(noun): A type of lawyer, particularly in the United Kingdom and some other jurisdictions, who advises clients, prepares legal documents, and may represent clients in lower courts but typically does not appear in higher courts. In a broader sense, a person who seeks to obtain something, such as donations or sales, by asking others. Sample Sentences: She consulted a solicitor to help draft her will and manage her estate. The solicitor prepared all the necessary documents for the property transfe…
Relocate [ˌriːˈloʊkeɪt]
(verb): To move to a different place, typically referring to changing the location of a person, business, or object for a specific purpose. Sample Sentences: The company decided to relocate its headquarters to a more central location. After her promotion, she had to relocate to another city for work. The government provided assistance to families who needed to relocate after the natural disaster. Wildlife conservationists worked to relocate the endangered animals to a safer habitat. Many people…
The inner-city slums [ði ˈɪnər ˈsɪti slʌmz]
(noun phrase): Poorly maintained, overcrowded, and underdeveloped residential areas located in the central parts of a city, typically characterized by poverty, inadequate housing, and lack of basic services. Sample Sentences: The inner-city slums are home to thousands of families struggling with poverty and unemployment. Efforts to improve the living conditions in the inner-city slums have been slow but ongoing. The documentary highlighted the harsh realities faced by children growing up in the…
Constructed suburb [kənˈstrʌktɪd ˈsʌbɜːrb]
(noun phrase): A residential area that has been intentionally designed and built outside the main city, often characterized by planned streets, housing developments, and amenities. Sample Sentences: The newly constructed suburb features modern homes and spacious parks. A constructed suburb typically offers quieter living compared to the bustling city center. The government invested heavily in infrastructure to support the constructed suburb’s growth. Families often move to a constructed suburb…
Parliament [ˈpɑːrləmənt]
A formal assembly of representatives, typically elected, responsible for making laws, debating policies, and representing the public in the governance of a country or state. Sample Sentences: The bill was debated extensively in Parliament before being passed into law. Members of Parliament are elected to represent the interests of their constituents. The Parliament convened to discuss urgent measures to address the economic crisis. In a parliamentary system, the government is often accountable…
Coincided with a proposal [ˌkoʊɪnˈsaɪdɪd wɪð ə prəˈpoʊzəl]
(verb phrase): Happened at the same time as a suggestion, plan, or idea being presented for consideration or discussion. Sample Sentences: The launch of the new policy coincided with a proposal to increase public funding for education. The festival coincided with a proposal to promote local tourism initiatives. His resignation coincided with a proposal to reorganize the company's leadership structure. The announcement of the merger coincided with a proposal to expand international operations. T…
Underground connecting line [ˌʌndərˈɡraʊnd kəˈnɛktɪŋ laɪn]
(noun phrase): A subway or metro train line that links different parts of a city or transport network, typically operating below the surface. Sample Sentences: The new underground connecting line will make commuting between the suburbs and downtown much faster. Engineers faced challenges while constructing the underground connecting line beneath the river. The underground connecting line serves as a vital link between the central business district and the airport. Delays on the underground conn…
Construct [kənˈstrʌkt]
(verb): To build, create, or assemble something, typically referring to structures, systems, or ideas, using a systematic and organized approach. Sample Sentences: Engineers worked tirelessly to construct the new bridge over the river. The company plans to construct a state-of-the-art office building in the city center. She used recycled materials to construct a model of an eco-friendly house. The team will construct a framework to better manage workflow efficiency. Historians attempt to constr…
Merged [mɜːrdʒd]
(verb): Combined or joined together into a single entity, often referring to organizations, ideas, or physical things becoming unified. Sample Sentences: The two companies merged to form one of the largest corporations in the industry. Over time, the small streams merged into a powerful river. The design seamlessly merged modern aesthetics with traditional elements. The tech startup merged its resources with a larger firm to expand its operations. When the departments merged, employees were rea…
The edge of the city [ði ɛʤ ʌv ðə ˈsɪti]
(noun phrase): Refers to the outermost boundary or perimeter of an urban area, typically where the city transitions into suburban or rural zones. Sample Sentences: They built their new home on the edge of the city to enjoy both urban convenience and rural tranquility. The industrial complex is located on the edge of the city, away from residential neighborhoods. As the population grew, development expanded beyond the edge of the city into the surrounding countryside. The park at the edge of the…
Had difficulty in [hæd ˈdɪfɪkəlti ɪn]
(verb phrase): Experienced challenges or obstacles while attempting to do or accomplish something. Sample Sentences: She had difficulty in understanding the complex mathematical equations. The team had difficulty in meeting the tight project deadline. He had difficulty in adjusting to life in a new country. Many students had difficulty in answering the final question on the exam. The company had difficulty in finding skilled workers for the new factory. Synonyms/Alternatives: Struggled with Fou…
Such a radical scheme [sʌʧ ə ˈrædɪkəl skiːm]
(noun phrase): Refers to an extreme or groundbreaking plan, proposal, or idea that significantly deviates from the norm or introduces major changes. Sample Sentences: Introducing such a radical scheme to overhaul the healthcare system sparked widespread debate. Critics questioned whether such a radical scheme could be successfully implemented within the given timeframe. Many saw the proposal for universal basic income as such a radical scheme that it seemed impractical. The city council approve…
Not least [nɒt liːst]
(adverb phrase): Used to emphasize that a particular point, reason, or thing is significant, especially when it is one among several. Sample Sentences: The project faced many challenges, not least the lack of funding. She was admired for many qualities, not least her dedication to helping others. The new policy has benefits for everyone, not least the most vulnerable members of society. The concert was memorable for several reasons, not least the incredible performance by the lead singer. The t…
Critical article [ˈkrɪtɪkəl ˈɑːrtɪkl]
(noun phrase): A written piece that evaluates, analyzes, or critiques a subject, often focusing on identifying strengths and weaknesses or expressing a negative opinion. Sample Sentences: The journalist published a critical article examining the government’s handling of the crisis. A critical article in the magazine sparked controversy for its harsh review of the new movie. The researcher wrote a critical article analyzing the flaws in the study’s methodology. The critical article on modern arc…
The press [ðə prɛs]
(noun): Refers to journalists, news organizations, and media outlets collectively responsible for gathering, publishing, and broadcasting news and information, typically in newspapers, magazines, or online platforms. Sample Sentences: The press played a crucial role in exposing the corruption scandal. Freedom of the press is a fundamental principle in democratic societies. The celebrity issued a statement to the press denying the rumors. The event was widely covered by the press, attracting nat…
Objectors [əbˈʤɛktərz]
(noun): Individuals or groups who express opposition, disapproval, or disagreement with a particular idea, action, plan, or proposal. Sample Sentences: The objectors raised concerns about the environmental impact of the new construction project. Several objectors attended the town hall meeting to voice their opposition to the proposed policy. The court heard arguments from both the proponents and the objectors before making a decision. Some objectors argue that the new law infringes on personal…
Argue [ˈɑːrɡjuː]
(verb): To express disagreement or provide reasons in support of or against something; to engage in a discussion, debate, or verbal dispute. Sample Sentences: The lawyers argued passionately in court about the validity of the evidence. They argue over small things all the time, but it never lasts long. Scientists argue that immediate action is necessary to combat climate change. She argued in favor of extending the deadline for the project. The children argued about who would get the last piece…
Would be shaken [wʊd bi ˈʃeɪkən]
(verb phrase): Indicates that someone or something would experience distress, shock, or disturbance, often as a reaction to a surprising or upsetting event. Sample Sentences: The community would be shaken by the sudden closure of the local school. If the truth were revealed, his reputation would be shaken beyond repair. The residents would be shaken after experiencing such a powerful earthquake. The team would be shaken by the unexpected resignation of their leader. The company would be shaken…
Would be poisoned [wʊd bi ˈpɔɪzənd]
[wʊd bi ˈpɔɪzənd] (verb phrase): Indicates that someone or something would be harmed or contaminated by toxic substances, or metaphorically influenced negatively in thoughts, emotions, or relationships. Sample Sentences: If the water supply were not treated, it would be poisoned by industrial waste. The victim feared that their drink would be poisoned at the party. The environment would be poisoned by the excessive use of harmful pesticides. Their relationship would be poisoned by distrust and…
Persist [pərˈsɪst]
(verb): To continue steadfastly in an action, course, or belief despite difficulty, opposition, or discouragement; to endure or remain unchanged. Sample Sentences: She decided to persist in her efforts to complete the project, even after several setbacks. If symptoms persist, consult your doctor immediately. The team persisted through harsh conditions to reach the summit of the mountain. He persisted in asking questions until he fully understood the topic. The belief that hard work pays off per…
Over a five-year period [ˈoʊvər ə faɪv-jɪr ˈpɪriəd]
(prepositional phrase): Refers to a span of five years during which something occurs, develops, or is measured. Sample Sentences: Over a five-year period, the company doubled its profits through strategic investments. The population of the town grew steadily over a five-year period. The research was conducted over a five-year period, collecting data from various regions. The project is expected to generate significant economic benefits over a five-year period. Over a five-year period, the team…
Beneath [bɪˈniːθ]
(preposition/adverb): Preposition: In or to a lower position than something; directly under. Adverb: At a lower level or in a lower position. Can also mean being lower in status, quality, or importance in metaphorical contexts. Sample Sentences: The keys were hidden beneath the pile of clothes on the bed. (Preposition) The city built a parking garage beneath the shopping mall. (Preposition) She could feel the cool, damp earth beneath her feet as she walked barefoot. (Preposition) Beneath his ca…
Minimize the expense of demolishing buildings [ˈmɪnɪmaɪz ði ɪkˈspɛns ʌv dɪˈmɑːlɪʃɪŋ ˈbɪldɪŋz]
(verb phrase): To reduce the costs associated with tearing down structures while maintaining safety and efficiency. Sample Sentences: To minimize the expense of demolishing buildings, contractors often recycle materials such as steel and concrete. Implementing careful planning can minimize the expense of demolishing buildings while ensuring safety standards are met. The city council is exploring ways to minimize the expense of demolishing buildings in the old industrial zone. Using advanced mac…
Originally scheduled to be completed [əˈrɪʤɪnəli ˈskɛʤuːld tə bi kəmˈpliːtɪd]
(verb phrase): Indicates that a project, task, or event was initially planned to reach completion by a specific time but implies there might have been delays or changes. Sample Sentences: The project was originally scheduled to be completed by the end of the year, but unforeseen delays pushed the timeline back. The highway expansion was originally scheduled to be completed within two years, but funding issues caused a setback. The event was originally scheduled to be completed by noon, but it e…
The construction of [ðə kənˈstrʌkʃən ʌv]
(noun phrase): Refers to the process of building, assembling, or creating something, typically a physical structure such as a building, bridge, or road, or metaphorically, a concept or system. Sample Sentences: The construction of the new highway is expected to improve traffic flow significantly. The construction of the skyscraper required years of planning and advanced engineering techniques. The community welcomed the construction of a new school in their neighborhood. Environmentalists raise…
Cut and Cover [kʌt ənd ˈkʌvər]
(noun phrase): A method of construction, typically used for tunnels or underground structures, where a trench is excavated ("cut"), the structure is built within it, and then the trench is covered and restored to its original state. Sample Sentences: The subway extension was constructed using the cut and cover method, minimizing the impact on nearby buildings. Cut and cover techniques were used to build the tunnel beneath the city center. This method of construction, cut and cover, is often fas…
Trench [trɛntʃ]
(noun/verb): Noun: A long, narrow ditch or excavation, typically used for drainage, military defense, or construction purposes. Verb: To dig or excavate a long, narrow ditch or channel. Sample Sentences (Noun): The workers dug a trench to lay down the foundation of the pipeline. Soldiers took cover in the trenches during the battle. Heavy rains filled the trench with water, delaying construction. Archaeologists discovered ancient artifacts in the trench near the ruins. The trench was reinforced…
Ten metres wide and six metres deep [tɛn ˈmiːtərz waɪd ænd sɪks ˈmiːtərz diːp]
(adjective phrase): Describes the dimensions of an object, space, or excavation, specifying a width of 10 meters and a depth of 6 meters. Sample Sentences: The trench was dug ten metres wide and six metres deep to accommodate the large drainage pipes. The pool, measuring ten metres wide and six metres deep, required specialized equipment for construction. A pit ten metres wide and six metres deep was excavated for the building’s foundation. The engineers designed a tunnel ten metres wide and si…
Timber beam [ˈtɪmbər biːm]
(noun): A long, sturdy piece of wood used in construction to support weight, often part of a structure such as a ceiling, floor, or roof. Sample Sentences: The builders used a timber beam to support the weight of the roof above the living room. The old house was reinforced with timber beams to improve its structural integrity. The timber beam was carefully treated to prevent any future damage from pests or weathering. In traditional buildings, timber beams are often exposed as part of the archi…
Brick arch [brɪk ɑːrtʃ]
(noun): A curved structure made of bricks, typically used to span an opening such as a door, window, or passage, relying on the shape of the arch for strength and support. Sample Sentences: The old bridge was supported by a series of brick arches that had stood the test of time. The architect designed a beautiful brick arch for the doorway, giving the building a classic, timeless look. The brick arch above the fireplace was intricately crafted, adding charm to the room. Over the centuries, the…
A two-metre-deep layer of soil [ə tuː ˈmiːtə diːp ˈleɪər ʌv sɔɪl]
(noun phrase): A layer of soil that has a depth of two meters, often referring to the amount of earth covering a surface, typically used in construction, agriculture, or environmental contexts. Sample Sentences: The excavation revealed a two-metre-deep layer of soil, which needed to be removed before construction could begin. A two-metre-deep layer of soil was added to the garden to improve plant growth. The archaeologists dug through a two-metre-deep layer of soil to uncover ancient artifacts.…
Aware that [əˈwɛər ðæt]
(phrase): Acknowledging or having knowledge of something, being conscious of a fact, situation, or condition. Sample Sentences: She was aware that the project deadline was approaching quickly. He wasn’t aware that the meeting had been rescheduled for a later time. Are you aware that the company has introduced a new policy? The team is aware that their performance needs to improve in the next quarter. I’m aware that there are concerns about the safety of the new building design. Synonyms/Alterna…
Dug [dʌɡ]
(verb): The past tense of "dig," meaning to break up, move, or remove earth, soil, or other materials using a tool, hands, or machinery. Sample Sentences: They dug a deep hole to plant the tree. The workers dug through the ground to lay the foundation for the building. He dug in the garden all afternoon, preparing the soil for planting. The archaeologists dug carefully to uncover the ancient ruins. She dug a small trench to redirect the water flow away from the house. Synonyms/Alternatives: Exc…
Laid on top of the tunnel [leɪd ɒn tɒp ʌv ðə ˈtʌnəl]
(verb phrase): Refers to placing something (usually a material or structure) above the tunnel, typically to cover, support, or complete the construction. Sample Sentences: A layer of concrete was laid on top of the tunnel to reinforce its structure. The tracks were laid on top of the tunnel after the excavation was completed. The soil was carefully laid on top of the tunnel to restore the landscape. Once the tunnel was finished, a roadway was laid on top of the tunnel for vehicle traffic. Insul…
Metropolitan /ˌmɛtrəˈpɒlɪtən/ [B2]
(adjective/noun): (Adjective) Related to a big city or an area that includes a large city and nearby towns. (Noun) A person who lives in a big city, or a leader in some Christian churches. Sample Sentences: New York is a famous metropolitan city with millions of people. The metropolitan area includes the city and the smaller towns around it. She prefers the quiet countryside over the busy metropolitan life. As a metropolitan, he enjoys the convenience of public transportation. The church is led…
Even as /ˈiːvən æz/ [B1]
(conjunctive phrase): Used to link two actions or events happening at the same time, or to emphasize a contrast between them. Sample Sentences: Even as she explained the rules, some students were already breaking them. The cake was being decorated even as the guests started arriving. He remained calm, even as the situation became more dangerous. The soldiers marched forward, even as the enemy fired at them. She smiled warmly, even as she said goodbye. Synonyms/Alternatives: While, just as, at t…
Were being authorised /wɜːr ˈbiːɪŋ ˈɔːθəraɪzd/ [B2]
(verb phrase): This verb phrase is the past continuous passive voice. It describes an action that was ongoing in the past, where the subject was receiving authorization or permission to do something. Sample Sentences: The documents were being authorised while the team waited for approval. The new policies were being authorised by the board during the meeting. Several applications were being authorised as the system updated. The project details were being authorised by the supervisor before bein…
Pull the train /pʊl ðə treɪn/ [B1]
(verb phrase): This phrase refers to the action of moving or dragging a train forward, typically done by a locomotive or engine. It can also be used metaphorically to describe leading or taking responsibility in a challenging task or situation. Sample Sentences: The powerful engine was designed to pull the train across long distances. It takes a lot of strength and energy for a steam engine to pull the train uphill. As the leader of the team, she had to pull the train and keep everyone motivate…
Steam locomotive /stiːm ˈləʊkəməʊtɪv/ [B1]
(noun): A type of train engine that uses steam power to move. The steam is generated by boiling water in a boiler, and the pressure drives pistons connected to the train's wheels. Steam locomotives were widely used in the 19th and early 20th centuries before being replaced by diesel and electric engines. Sample Sentences: The steam locomotive chugged along the tracks, leaving a trail of smoke behind. He admired the old steam locomotive displayed at the railway museum. In the past, steam locomot…
Firebrick /ˈfaɪərˌbrɪk/ [B2]
(noun): A type of brick made from heat-resistant materials, used to line fireplaces, furnaces, kilns, or other structures exposed to high temperatures. Firebricks are designed to withstand intense heat without breaking or cracking. Sample Sentences: The firebrick lining in the furnace ensures it can handle extreme heat. He replaced the damaged firebricks in the wood-burning stove. Firebricks are essential for building durable kilns for pottery. The blacksmith used firebricks to insulate his for…
Locomotive /ˌləʊkəˈməʊtɪv/ [B1]
(noun): A powered rail vehicle that pulls or pushes trains on a railway track. It serves as the engine of the train, often driven by steam, diesel, or electricity. Sample Sentences: The locomotive at the front of the train provided enough power to haul the cargo. Early locomotives were powered by steam and played a key role in industrial development. The electric locomotive is quieter and more efficient than older diesel engines. He enjoyed building model locomotives as a hobby. The railway mus…
Were fitted with water tanks /wɜːr ˈfɪtɪd wɪð ˈwɔːtər tæŋks/ [B2]
(verb phrase): A phrase indicating that something (e.g., a vehicle, machine, or structure) had water tanks added or installed to it, either during production or later as an upgrade. Sample Sentences: The locomotives were fitted with water tanks to supply the steam engines. The buses were fitted with water tanks to help clean the roads during construction. The firefighting trucks were fitted with water tanks to ensure they could respond quickly to emergencies. Older homes were fitted with water…
Steam could be condensed /stiːm kʊd bi kənˈdɛnzd/ [B2]
(verb phrase): This phrase refers to the process by which steam (water in its gaseous state) is cooled and transformed back into liquid water, often for reuse or to manage energy systems. Sample Sentences: In older steam engines, steam could be condensed into water to reduce waste. The cooling tower was designed so that steam could be condensed efficiently. By using a condenser, the steam could be condensed and returned to the boiler. In the experiment, steam could be condensed on a cold metal…
Smoke and fumes /sməʊk ənd fjuːmz/ [B1]
(noun phrase): A combination of visible smoke (particles and gases from burning materials) and unpleasant or harmful gases (fumes) often produced by combustion, chemical reactions, or industrial processes. Sample Sentences: The factory emitted thick smoke and fumes, polluting the nearby neighborhood. Prolonged exposure to smoke and fumes can be harmful to health. Firefighters wear protective gear to avoid inhaling dangerous smoke and fumes during rescues. The vehicle’s engine failure caused it…
Remained a problem /rɪˈmeɪnd ə ˈprɒbləm/ [B2]
(verb phrase): Used to describe an issue or challenge that continued to exist or was not resolved over a period of time. Sample Sentences: Traffic congestion remained a problem despite efforts to improve public transport. The lack of clean water remained a problem in the rural village. Even after the repairs, the leaking roof remained a problem. Miscommunication within the team remained a problem throughout the project. Pollution remained a problem in the city, affecting residents’ quality of l…
Ventilation shaft /ˈvɛntɪleɪʃən ʃɑːft/ [B2]
(noun): A vertical or horizontal passage designed to provide air circulation, remove stale air, or supply fresh air in buildings, mines, or other enclosed spaces. Sample Sentences: The miners used the ventilation shaft to ensure a constant supply of fresh air underground. Smoke from the fire spread quickly through the building's ventilation shaft. Maintenance workers inspected the ventilation shaft for blockages. The building's ventilation shaft was upgraded to meet new safety standards. Proper…
Had become worse /hæd bɪˈkʌm wɜːrs/ (B1)
(Verb Phrase): Describes a situation or condition that deteriorated or declined in quality, severity, or state over time, with the past perfect tense indicating that it happened before another point in the past. Sample Sentences: By the time the doctor arrived, her condition had become worse. The situation had become worse before the authorities intervened. They realized the relationship had become worse due to poor communication. The weather had become worse by the evening, forcing them to sta…
Partly /ˈpɑːrt.li/ (B1)
(Adverb): Refers to something being true or done to some extent, but not completely. Sample Sentences: The project failed partly because of poor planning. She was partly responsible for organizing the event. The decision was partly influenced by financial constraints. The house is partly furnished, so you’ll need to bring your own furniture. I agree with you, but only partly. Synonyms/Alternatives: partially, somewhat, to some extent, in part Antonyms: completely, entirely, fully, wholly
Formed a circuit /fɔːrmd ə ˈsɜːrkɪt/ (B2)
(Verb Phrase): Describes the creation of a closed or connected path, usually for electricity, movement, or communication. Sample Sentences: The wires were connected and formed a circuit to power the light bulb. The runners formed a circuit around the park for their training. The engineers formed a circuit to test the new electronic device. The river formed a natural circuit around the island. The nodes formed a circuit in the network for efficient communication. Synonyms/Alternatives: created a…
Cross the capital’s centre /krɒs ðə ˈkæpɪtlz ˈsɛntər/ (B1)
(Verb Phrase): Refers to traveling or moving through the central part of a country's capital city. Sample Sentences: The new metro line will cross the capital’s centre to improve public transport. Tourists often cross the capital’s centre to see the main attractions. The parade will cross the capital’s centre, starting at the main square. Heavy traffic can make it difficult to cross the capital’s centre during rush hour. Cyclists crossed the capital’s centre during the city’s annual bike tour.…
Tunnel deep underground /ˈtʌn.əl diːp ˌʌn.dɚˈɡraʊnd/ (B2)
(Verb Phrase): Refers to the action of digging or constructing a passageway far below the Earth's surface. Sample Sentences: The workers had to tunnel deep underground to reach the coal reserves. Engineers are planning to tunnel deep underground for the new subway system. The project involved tunneling deep underground to avoid disrupting the city above. They decided to tunnel deep underground to install the new water pipelines. Miners tunnel deep underground to extract valuable minerals. Synon…
A confined space /ə kənˈfaɪnd speɪs/ (B2)
(Noun Phrase): Refers to a small or restricted area where movement is limited, often enclosed, and sometimes hazardous. Sample Sentences: Working in a confined space requires special safety precautions. The trapped miners were stuck in a confined space for hours. The basement felt like a confined space due to its low ceiling and lack of ventilation. The cat hid in a confined space behind the furniture. He panicked because he didn’t like being in confined spaces like elevators. Synonyms/Alternat…
It wasn’t until /ɪt ˈwɑːznt ənˈtɪl/ (B1)
(Phrase): Used to emphasize the specific time or condition under which something finally happened, showing that it did not occur earlier. Sample Sentences: The streets were empty all evening. It wasn’t until midnight that they started to fill with people. She kept searching for her keys all morning. It wasn’t until she checked her bag again that she found them. He didn’t understand the importance of hard work during school. It wasn’t until he started his first job that he realized its value. We…
The development of /ðə dɪˈvel.əp.mənt əv/ (B1)
(Noun Phrase): Refers to the process of growth, progress, or improvement of something over time. Sample Sentences: Scientists have been studying the development of new vaccines to fight diseases. The city invested heavily in the development of its public transportation system. The development of the internet revolutionized how people communicate and access information. Teachers play a crucial role in the development of children’s social and academic skills. The development of artificial intelli…
A means of /ə ˈmiːnz əv/ (B2)
(Noun Phrase): Refers to a method, way, or tool used to achieve a specific purpose or goal. Sample Sentences: Public transportation provides a means of getting around the city without a car. Writing is a means of expressing thoughts and emotions. Email has become a popular means of communication in the modern workplace. Education is a means of improving one’s opportunities in life. The company is exploring a means of reducing its carbon footprint. Synonyms/Alternatives: method of, way of, mode…
Transferring power /ˈtræns.fɜːrɪŋ ˈpaʊər/ (B2)
(Verb Phrase): Refers to the act of moving or passing authority, control, energy, or physical power from one entity, person, or system to another. Sample Sentences: The company is transferring power from the old CEO to the new leadership team. Solar panels are efficient at transferring power from sunlight to usable energy. The treaty involved transferring power to the local government for better autonomy. Engineers are working on transferring power from the backup generator to the main grid. Th…
Generator /ˈdʒɛn.əˌreɪ.tər/ (B1)
(Noun): A device or system that produces something, especially electricity, energy, or ideas. Sample Sentences: The hospital relied on a generator to provide power during the blackout. He used a random number generator to select the winners of the contest. Wind turbines act as a generator of renewable energy. The portable generator was essential for camping in remote areas. This idea generator app helps writers overcome creative block. Synonyms/Alternatives: power source, producer, creator, sup…
Was made up of /wəz meɪd ʌp ʌv/ (B1)
(Verb Phrase): Indicates that something was composed or consisted of specific parts or elements. Sample Sentences: The committee was made up of representatives from all departments. The cake was made up of several layers, each with a different flavor. The team was made up of both experienced players and newcomers. The forest was made up of tall pine trees and dense undergrowth. His argument was made up of both facts and personal opinions. Synonyms/Alternatives: consisted of, composed of, includ…
Narrow /ˈnær.oʊ/ (B1)
(Adjective, Verb): Describes something that is small in width, limited in scope, or reduced in size; as a verb, it means to make something more focused or smaller. Adjective Definition: Having a small distance from one side to the other or limited in scope. Verb Definition: To reduce the size, range, or scope of something. Sample Sentences (Adjective): The narrow street was difficult for large vehicles to pass through. She has a narrow perspective on the issue and should consider other viewpoin…
Was not without its problems /wəz nɒt wɪðˈaʊt ɪts ˈprɒbləmz/ (B2)
(Phrase): A polite or formal way to say that something had issues, difficulties, or challenges, despite any successes or positive aspects. Sample Sentences: The project was successful, but it was not without its problems, such as delays and budget overruns. Their journey across the desert was not without its problems, including a lack of water and a broken vehicle. The new software was a great improvement, but it was not without its problems during the initial rollout. The negotiation process w…
Make a profit /meɪk ə ˈprɒfɪt/ (B1)
(Verb Phrase): Refers to earning more money from a business or activity than was spent or invested. Sample Sentences: The company managed to make a profit in its first year despite the tough competition. Selling handmade jewelry allowed her to make a profit from her creative hobby. The café struggled at first but eventually began to make a profit after its menu update. He bought the property at a low price, renovated it, and sold it to make a profit. Businesses need to carefully manage their ex…
Soon afterwards /suːn ˈæftərwərdz/ (B1)
(Adverb Phrase): Refers to a short period of time following a specific event or action. Sample Sentences: The rain stopped, and soon afterwards, the sun came out. He graduated from college and soon afterwards found his first job. They got married, and soon afterwards, they moved to a new city. The company launched its new product, and soon afterwards, sales began to rise. She felt unwell and soon afterwards decided to see a doctor. Synonyms/Alternatives: shortly after, not long after, soon afte…
Tube network /tuːb ˈnet.wɜːrk/ (B1)
(Noun Phrase): Refers to a system of interconnected underground train lines, commonly known as the "Tube," particularly in London or similar subway systems in other cities. Sample Sentences: The London tube network is one of the busiest public transport systems in the world. A new extension to the tube network will make it easier to travel to the suburbs. Navigating the tube network can be challenging for first-time visitors. The tube network operates late into the night on weekends. Modernizat…
Was in place /wəz ɪn pleɪs/ (B2)
(Verb Phrase): Refers to something being established, implemented, or positioned correctly to serve a specific purpose. Sample Sentences: The new policy was in place before the start of the school year. Safety measures were in place to protect workers during the construction project. The seating arrangement was in place an hour before the event began. Emergency procedures were in place to deal with any potential accidents. The infrastructure was in place to support the rapid expansion of the bu…
Seamlessly /ˈsiːmləsli/ [B2]
(adverb): In a smooth and continuous way, without any problems, interruptions, or visible gaps. Sample Sentences: The two teams worked seamlessly to complete the project on time. The app allows users to switch between devices seamlessly. The updates were installed seamlessly, with no need to restart the system. Her presentation flowed seamlessly from one topic to the next. The new features were added seamlessly to the existing design. Synonyms/Alternatives: Smoothly, effortlessly, flawlessly, p…
Whether /ˈwɛðə(r)/ [A2]
(conjunction): Used to introduce alternatives or express doubt, uncertainty, or a choice between two possibilities. Sample Sentences: I’m not sure whether I should stay or leave. She couldn’t decide whether to take the job or continue studying. Whether you agree or not, the decision has already been made. He asked whether the meeting was still happening. It doesn’t matter whether you win or lose; it’s the effort that counts. Synonyms/Alternatives: If, regardless of Antonyms: (There are no direc…
Ongoing [ˈəʊnɡəʊɪŋ] [B1]
(Adjective): Continuing or happening right now. Definition: Ongoing describes something that is still happening or not finished yet. Sample Sentences: The meeting is ongoing and will finish in an hour. There is an ongoing investigation into the incident. We are working on an ongoing project for the company. The ongoing changes in the law affect everyone. The storm is ongoing, and we are waiting for it to end. Synonyms/Alternatives: Continuing, in progress, active, persistent Antonyms: Finished,…
Forms of Urban Architecture [fɔːrmz əv ˈɜːrbən ˌɑːrkɪˈtɛktʃər] [B2]
(Noun phrase): The different styles, designs, and structures used in the planning and construction of buildings and spaces in cities. Sample Sentences: The city is known for its diverse forms of urban architecture, ranging from modern skyscrapers to historic buildings. Forms of urban architecture often reflect the culture and history of a place. Sustainable forms of urban architecture are becoming increasingly popular to address environmental concerns. Traditional forms of urban architecture in…
As far back as [əz fɑːr bæk æz] [B2]
(Prepositional phrase): Used to describe something that happened or existed at a very distant point in the past. Sample Sentences: The tradition of celebrating the festival dates as far back as the 16th century. Evidence of human settlement in this region goes as far back as 10,000 years ago. She has been writing stories as far back as her school days. Records of trade in the area can be traced as far back as ancient times. Scientists discovered fossils dating as far back as the Jurassic period…
Well before [wɛl bɪˈfɔːr] [B2]
(Prepositional phrase): Used to describe something that happened significantly earlier than a particular time or event. Sample Sentences: She arrived well before the meeting started to prepare her presentation. The company had completed the project well before the deadline. The invention of the steam engine occurred well before the industrial revolution. They started saving money well before their child was born. Historical records suggest that agriculture existed well before written language w…
The Great Medieval Cathedrals [ðə greɪt ˌmɛd.iˈiː.vəl kəˈθiː.drəlz] [B2]
(Noun phrase): Refers to the large and impressive churches built during the medieval period, known for their architectural grandeur, artistic details, and significance in religious and cultural history. Sample Sentences: The great medieval cathedrals of Europe, such as Notre-Dame and Canterbury, are marvels of Gothic architecture. Builders of the great medieval cathedrals used innovative techniques that influenced construction for centuries. Many tourists visit the great medieval cathedrals to…
The Grand 19th- and 20th-Century Railway Stations [ðə ɡrænd ˈnaɪnˌtiːnθ ənd ˈtwɛn.tiəθ-ˈsɛn.tʃər.i ˈreɪl.weɪ ˈsteɪ.ʃənz] [B2]
(Noun phrase): Refers to large, architecturally significant railway stations built during the 19th and 20th centuries, often featuring ornate designs, innovative engineering, and serving as hubs of transportation and commerce. Sample Sentences: The grand 19th- and 20th-century railway stations, like St. Pancras in London, reflect the industrial revolution's influence on architecture. These grand railway stations were designed to inspire awe and symbolize progress and modernity. The grand 19th-…
Dominate [ˈdɒm.ɪ.neɪt] [B2]
(Verb): To have control, power, or a strong influence over someone or something; to be the most noticeable or important part of something. Sample Sentences: Tall skyscrapers dominate the skyline of the city. The team managed to dominate the game from the very beginning. In history, certain empires were able to dominate large parts of the world. Her confident voice seemed to dominate the entire conversation. Technology continues to dominate modern life in every aspect. Synonyms/Alternatives: Con…
Are regarded with [ɑːr rɪˈɡɑːrdɪd wɪð] [B2]
(Phrase): Used to describe the way something or someone is viewed or thought about, often expressing an opinion or feeling toward them. Sample Sentences: Her achievements are regarded with great respect by her colleagues. The decision to renovate the historic building is regarded with skepticism by some community members. The new policy changes are regarded with hope by many citizens. Classic novels are regarded with admiration for their timeless themes. His ideas are regarded with curiosity an…
Growing scepticism [ˈɡrəʊ.ɪŋ ˈskep.tɪ.sɪ.zəm] [B2]
(Noun phrase): An increasing sense of doubt or mistrust about something, often regarding its truth, reliability, or effectiveness. Sample Sentences: There is growing scepticism about the government’s ability to manage the economy effectively. The company’s promises of sustainability are being met with growing scepticism from environmental groups. Public opinion has shifted, with growing scepticism towards the media's portrayal of events. Many people express growing scepticism about the effectiv…
Deem [diːm] [B2]
(Verb): To consider or judge something in a particular way. Sample Sentences: The proposal was deemed unacceptable by the committee. She deemed it necessary to apologize for the mistake. The court deemed him responsible for the damages. This book is widely deemed a classic in modern literature. The project was deemed a success despite initial challenges. Synonyms/Alternatives: Consider Regard as Judge Think View Antonyms: Ignore Disregard Neglect to evaluate
Soar above £1 billion [sɔːr əˈbʌv wʌn ˈbɪljən] [B2]
(Verb phrase): To rise rapidly and surpass a value of £1 billion, often referring to financial metrics such as revenue, profits, or valuations. Sample Sentences: The company's annual revenue is expected to soar above £1 billion this year. Property prices in the city have soared above £1 billion for the first time. The startup's valuation soared above £1 billion after securing major investments. Market speculation caused the firm's market capitalization to soar above £1 billion. The movie’s glob…
not be the case [nɒt bi ðə keɪs] [B1]
(phrase): This means that something is not true or not happening as expected. Sample Sentences: I thought it would be sunny today, but that’s not the case—it’s raining. Many people believe she’s rich, but that’s not the case at all. They expected the test to be easy, but it wasn’t the case—it was quite hard. He assumed she was angry with him, but that was not the case. People think success comes easily, but this is often not the case. Synonyms/Alternatives: Not true Incorrect False Not happenin…
drive urban development [draɪv ˈɜːbən dɪˈvɛləpmənt] [B2]
(verb phrase): To cause or push forward the growth and improvement of cities, including better housing, transportation, businesses, and public spaces. Sample Sentences: New investments in clean energy projects can drive urban development in growing cities. Expanding public transportation systems helps drive urban development by making cities easier to navigate. Innovative architecture and smart buildings are key factors that drive urban development. Policies that attract businesses often drive…
mono-functional sports arenas [ˌmɒnəʊ ˈfʌŋkʃənəl ˈspɔːts əˈriːnəz] [C1]
(noun phrase): Sports facilities designed for only one type of sport or activity, without accommodating other purposes or events. Sample Sentences: The city council decided to replace the old mono-functional sports arena with a multi-purpose stadium. Mono-functional sports arenas are often underused outside the sports season. Critics argue that mono-functional sports arenas waste resources compared to venues that serve multiple purposes. A new trend in urban planning is to avoid building mono-f…
emblematic of modernisation [ˌɛmbləˈmætɪk əv ˌmɒdənaɪˈzeɪʃən] [C1]
(adjective phrase): Representing or symbolizing the process of updating or improving something to make it modern. Sample Sentences: The sleek skyscraper is emblematic of modernisation in the city. High-speed trains are emblematic of modernisation in transportation. The use of smart technology in homes is emblematic of modernisation in everyday life. Architects often design buildings that are emblematic of modernisation and innovation. Renewable energy sources, like solar power, are emblematic o…
amphitheatre [ˈæmfɪˌθɪətə] [B2]
(noun): A round or oval building with tiers of seats surrounding a central open area, used in ancient times for public performances or sports events. Modern amphitheatres may also be outdoor venues for concerts or events. Sample Sentences: The ancient Roman Colosseum is one of the most famous amphitheatres in the world. The city built a modern amphitheatre in the park for concerts and cultural events. Gladiators fought in the amphitheatre while thousands of spectators watched. The outdoor amphi…
versatile [ˈvɜːsətaɪl] [B2]
(adjective): Able to adapt or be used in many different ways; flexible and capable of doing many things well. Sample Sentences: The versatile actor can perform both comedy and drama with ease. This knife is very versatile; you can use it for cutting, peeling, and even opening bottles. A versatile worker can quickly learn new skills and take on different tasks. The new smartphone is versatile enough to be used for work, entertainment, and fitness tracking. Her versatile talents as a singer, danc…
90 AD [ninety A.D.] [A1]
(noun): Refers to the year 90 in the Anno Domini (A.D.) era, which is part of the Gregorian calendar used to count years after the birth of Jesus Christ. Sample Sentences: The Roman Empire was at its height in 90 AD. The famous Jewish historian Josephus was born around 90 AD. In 90 AD, the Colosseum in Rome had not yet been built. Christianity was just beginning to spread in 90 AD. The city of Pompeii was still thriving in 90 AD, before its eruption in 79 AD. Synonyms/Alternatives: The year 90…
fortress [ˈfɔːtrəs] [B2]
(noun): A large, strong building or military stronghold designed to protect people or things, often surrounded by walls or a moat. Sample Sentences: The ancient fortress stood on a hill, guarding the city from invaders. The soldiers retreated to the fortress for protection during the battle. The castle was built as a fortress to defend against enemy attacks. A fortress was often the center of power in medieval kingdoms. The modern military base is a fortress designed to withstand any attack. Sy…
the staging of bullfights [ðə ˈsteɪdʒɪŋ əv ˈbʊlfaɪts] [C1]
(noun phrase): The organization or arrangement of bullfighting events, typically held in an arena or stadium, where bulls are fought by matadors or bullfighters as part of a traditional spectacle. Sample Sentences: The staging of bullfights is a controversial tradition in some countries, particularly in Spain. Critics argue that the staging of bullfights causes unnecessary harm to the animals. The annual festival in the town includes the staging of bullfights as a major attraction. The staging…
thereby [ˈðeəbaɪ] [C1]
(adverb): As a result of that action or event; by that means. It is used to show the connection between an action and its consequence. Sample Sentences: She improved her diet, thereby losing weight over time. The company introduced new technology, thereby increasing its efficiency. The team won the match, thereby securing their place in the finals. The new law reduces pollution, thereby helping to protect the environment. He passed the exam, thereby earning his degree. Synonyms/Alternatives: As…
a venue for public spectacles [ə ˈvɛnjuː fɔː ˈpʌblɪk ˈspɛktəkəlz] [B2]
(noun phrase): A place or location where large events or performances, such as concerts, sports, or shows, are held for the public to watch and enjoy. Sample Sentences: The stadium is a venue for public spectacles like football games and concerts. The ancient Roman amphitheatre was a famous venue for public spectacles, including gladiator fights. The new arena will serve as a venue for public spectacles such as theater performances and exhibitions. During the festival, the town square became a…