IB Geography: Food and Health Vocab

32 flashcards · Other · by Gabrielle Wong

1. Chronic hunger:

   Hunger is, in many ways, a problem that should not exist. The world currently produces enough food for everyone to eat over 3000 calories a day – the average male needs 2500, the average female 2000, ergo this is a huge surplus. About 1/9 individuals suffer from food insecurity, which puts them at greater risk of chronic hunger. About 1/9 people, or 800 million, are chronically malnourished/undernourished. Most of these people are in LICs, mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where 25% is undernourish…

2. Periodic hunger:

   Hunger is, in many ways, a problem that should not exist. The world currently produces enough food for everyone to eat over 3000 calories a day – the average male needs 2500, the average female 2000, ergo this is a huge surplus. Periodic hunger is an issue in both LICs and HICs, especially among the socioeconomically disadvantaged.

3. Malnutrition: diet lacking in proper nutrition, not enough food to eat or not enough high-quality food

   It is possible to be obese and malnourished. Around 45% of deaths among children under 5 years of age are linked to undernutrition.

4. Epidemiology: study of disease

   Epidemiological studies are important in the development of good preventive healthcare

5. Endemic: the quick spread of disease

   Endemics have individual and systemic risk. Individual risk means that if you are infected, the possibility of serious sickness and/or harm is very high. Systemic risk means that the possibility of the medical system being overwhelmed is quite high.

6. Pandemic: a globel epidemic

   Obvious example of a pandemic: COVID-19

7. HALE: concept known as Health Adjusted Life Expectancy; life expectancy adjusted for years of ill health due to disease or injury (a measure of life expectancy that looks at years spent in good health and years spent in poor health)

   Some weaknesses associated with HALE: It doesn’t consider inequalities within countries Data collection may be inaccurate, especially for LICs

8. Fair trade: trade that gives a higher/guaranteed minimum price for farmers, requires improved working conditions, sustainable methods of production, lack of “middle man” (fair trade company serves as the buyer instead of another person)

9. Free trade: trade that occurs without tariffs, quotas, or other forms of restrictions on the trade

   Common criticisms of free trade: Trade liberalization leaves poorer vulnerable markets open to shock of lower prices in their market Can destroy local industries Has allowed TNCs to profiteer off cheap labour in LICs job outsourcing

10. Food security: when all individuals in a population have access in a socially acceptable way to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that adequately provides for dietary preferences and needs for a healthy/active lifestyle

    About 1/9 individuals are food insecure

11. Child mortality: Number of children (under 5) who die per 100 000 live births

    Child and infant mortality are better indicators of health in LICs where the rates of these remain high; in HICs, this is practically unheard of

12. Infant mortality: Number of infants (under 2) who die per 100 000 live births

    Child and infant mortality are better indicators of health in LICs where the rates of these remain high; in HICs, this is practically unheard of

13. Stunted: low height for age

    About 22% of children globally are stunted; 34% in Africa

14. Wasted: low weight for age

    About 7.3% of children globally are wasted

15. Maternal mortality: Number of mothers who die in childbirth per 100 000 live births

    From 2000 to 2017, the global maternal mortality ratio declined by 38 per cent – from 342 deaths to 211 deaths per 100,000 live births, according to UN inter-agency estimates.

16. Doctor-people ratio: number of doctors per people in a given area

    One weakness of this measurement is that it doesn’t consider how accessible a doctor is in terms of cost; ex. Even if areas of the US have good doctor-patient ratios, because of their healthcare system, that doesn’t necessarily mean that people actually have access to healthcare

17. Nutrition transition: Pattern that explains how patterns of food consumption and nutrient intake change as a state develops 5 stages: Collecting Food Famine Begins Famine Recedes Degenerative Disese Behavrioural Change

    5 stages: 1. Collecting Food • Poor hunter-gatherer groups • Time spend gathering crops, nomadic lifestyle • Diet based on wild plants and lean animals, but varied with the season • Result: lean, but prone to disease, hunter-gatherers • Example: isolated tribes in the Amazon or Africa 2. Famine Begins • Beginning to settle and farm • Time is spent farming, no longer nomadic • Diet is based on monoculture staple crops • Result: inequalities/malnutrition develop, famine is more common because of…

18. Epidemilogical transition: Pattern that explains how patterns of disease change as a state develops 3 stages: Pestilence and Famine Receding Pandemics Human Induced, Degenerative Disorders

    1. Pestilence and Famine a. LICs see high death rates due to contagious diseases – diseases of poverty b. Diseases of poverty: kwashikor and marasmus (due to malnutrition), typhoid, cholera, hepatitis (due to poor hygiene and sanitation), malaria, river blindness (due to polluted, infected water), sleeping sickness (other pests), leprosy, AIDs, TB (poor education and public health facilities) c. Result: low life expectancy in high 40s 2. Receding Pandemics a. Industrializing countries – India,…

19. Expansion diffusion: disease starts at a source, and spreads from that source, but remains strong at the source

    Example: influenza (at first), COVID-19, ebola

20. Relocation diffusion: disease starts in a place, spreads elsewhere, but weakens at the source

    Example: COVID-19 (eventually), SARS

21. Contagious diffusion: disease spreads to all groups indiscriminately

    Example: influenza, Ebola

22. Hierarchal diffusion: certain groups are far more vulnerable to disease

    Example: HIV/AIDs

23. Diseases of poverty: diseases that are more prevalent in low-income populations, often related to undernutrition, infectious diseases associated with parasites, poor hygiene habits

    Example: malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, cholera

24. Diseases of affluence: Diseases that are more prevalent in higher-income populations, often related to overnutrition and chronic conditions

    Examples: Type II Diabetes, obesity, dementia, Parkinsons, COPD

25. Primary health care: A combination of preventive and curative healthcare

    Primary healthcare worldwide (more preventative) is estimated to cost about $50 billion annually, compared to the 250 billion Canada currently spends with a mostly curative-based model

26. Prevenentive health care: Healthcare that focuses on stopping factors that lead to the development of conditions

    Preventive healthcare is often seen as far cheaper

27. Curative health care: Healthcare that focuses on curing conditions

    Curative healthcare is often the focus of R&D in the pharmaceutical industry and is usually way flashier

28. Antigenic drift:

29. Antigenic shift:

30. GMOs: Plants that have received genetic modifications to change their characteristics ex. Gene splicing

    Example of effective use of GMOs: In Bangladesh, eggplant is often destroyed by pests, causing reliance on pesticide, but GM eggplant in 2013 used BT protein to reduce pesticide use by more than 80%, rising income and health of farmers -> resulting in increased food security

31. In-vitro meat: meat grown in a lab

    Quickly becoming more conventional in price – was first at $300 000 to anywhere between $5 to $11.36 (latter figure is from 2017) per piece

32. Vertical farming: