DMH 1

48 flashcards · Other · by Jared Blackwell

  1. Gastrin

    Located in the distal stomach and part of duodenum. Enteroendocrine cells release Gastrin which activates Parietal cells to release HCL and intrinsic factor. Also activates Enterochromaffin-like cells which release Histamine to potentiate parietal cell acid secretion. AA's & peptides stimulate G cells which release Gastrin. Acid secretion and Gastric growth.

  2. Secretin

    Located in duodenum and jejunum. Stimulates HCO3- bicarbonate secretion.

  3. CCK

    Located in small intestine. Enteroendocrine cells in small intestine release CCK to contract gallbladder (bile) and release pancreatic enzymes. Release enteropeptidase which activates Trypsinogen to Trypsin. due to Fatty acids. Gallbladder contraction, pancreatic enzyme secretion, and pancreatic growth.

  4. GLP-1 & GIP

    Increase the release of insulin.

  5. What hormones stimulate gastric growth and pancreatic growth?

    Gastrin- gastric growth. CCK- pancreatic growth.

  6. What hormone inhibits the release of Gastrin?

    Somatostatin Inhibits release of Gastrin as well as insulin and glucagon.

  8. **Ameloblast disappears when tooth erupts.

  9. What is Barrett's esophagus?

    Normal stratified squamous epithelium --> metaplastic colmunar epithelium + Goblet cells.

  10. Oxyntic cells secrete what?

    H+, pepsinogen, and intrinsic factor. Oxyntic = Fundus + Body. *autoimmune gastritis: Auto-Abs attack oxyntic mucosa.

  11. What tumor is located in the muscualris propria?

    Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) Gain of function mutation of receptor tyrosine kinase KIT. Associated with Carney triad and Carney-Stratakis syndrome.

  12. What supplies the Foregut?

    Celiac Trunk esophagus to upper dudodenum.

  13. What supplies the Midgut?

    Superior Mesenteric Artery Lower duodenum to 2/3 transverse colon.

  14. What supplies the Hindgut?

    Inferior Mesenteric Artery Distal 1/3 transverse colon to anal canal.

  15. What does the ventral mesentery cover?

    Lower esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum. lesser omentum: liver connect to stomach. falciform ligament: liver connect to anterior abdominal wall.

  16. Difference in muscle type of esophagus?

    Upper third is skeletal muscle. Rest is smooth muscle.

  17. Where are the mucus glands in esophagus?

    Submucosa layer has mucus glands, then when esophagus joins stomach the mucus glands are found in the lamina propria (mucosa layer).

  18. Layers in digestive organs?

    Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosa Submucusa Muscularis propria Adventitia

  19. What is a hiatal hernia?

    Upper part of stomach protrudes up through diaphragm. Keeps LES open. GERD.

  20. What are the different types of glands/cells in the stomach?

    Cardiac glands Mucus cells Gastric glands Parietal (oxyntic cells) Chief cells (peptic cells) Pyloric glands Enteroendocrine cells

  21. What is the function of parietal cells?

    Secrete acid and intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor binds with vit.B12 so small intestine can absorb it. *parietal cells found in gastric glands, above chief cells.

  22. Long term use of H2 antagonist can cause what?

    H2 antagonists block parietal cell production of acid, but also intrinsic factor causing vit. B12 deficiency. famotidine (Pepcid) cimetidine (Tagamet) ranitidine (Zantac)

  23. What does enteropeptidase do?

    Secreted by enterocytes of small intestine to activate pancreatic enzymes i.e. trypsinogen. Stimulated by CCK.

  24. What do the enteroendocrine cells of small intestine do?

    They secrete secretin, CCK, and GIP. *enteroendocrine cells in stomach secrete gastrin.

  25. Epithelium in rectum and anal canal?

    Simple columnar epithelium above pectinate line then turns to stratified squamous epithelium near anal canal.

  26. Where is the myenteric plexus found?

    In the muscualris propria; between the inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer.

  27. Retroperitoneal organs

    SAD PUCKER Adrenal glands Aorta/IVC Duodenum (2nd/3rd) Pancreas (no tail) Ureter Colon (ascending/descending) Kidneys Esophagus Rectum

  28. Blood supply above pectinate line?

    Superior rectal artery - from IMA. Venous drainage: Superior rectal vein -> inferior mesenteric -> portal system. May cause swell in portal hypertension.

  29. Blood supply below pectinate line?

    Inferior rectal artery - branch of internal pudendal artery (off iliac) Venous drainage to IVC: Inferior rectal -> internal pudendal -> interal iliac -> IVC.

  30. Difference in indirect and direct inguinal hernia?

    Indirect inguinal hernia enters deep inguinal ring. Lateral to inferior epigastric artery. Direct inguinal hernia goes directly thru abdominal wall, thru Hesselbach's triangle (inguinal triangle). Medial to inferior epigastric artery.

  31. What are the nerves in lumbar plexus?

    I (twice) Got Laid On Friday Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal Genitofemoral Lateral Cutaneous Obturator Femoral

  32. Relation of lumbar plexus nerves to Psoas Major?

    All nerves EXCEPT genitofemoral and obturator emerge lateral to psoas major. Genitofemoral n. anterior to psoas major. Obturator n. medial to psoas major.

  33. 2 from 1 2 from 2 2 from 3 "I (twice) Got Laid On Friday"

    2 from 1: iliohypogastric- L1 ilioinguinal- L1 2 from 2: Genitofemoral- L1 & L2 Lateral femoral cutaneous- L2 & L3 2 from 3: both L2, L3, L4 Obturator Femoral

  34. Release of pancreas contents from trauma first enter where?

    The Omental bursa - lesser sac.

  35. What does lymph drainage of stomach, pancreas, and small intestine?

    Celiac and Superior mesenteric nodes.

  36. What does lymph drainage of large intestine?

    Superior and Inferior mesenteric nodes. Above pectinate line lymph drained via Internal iliac nodes. Below pectinate line is superficial inguinal nodes.

  37. Difference in exocrine and endocrine parts of pancreas?

    Exocrine-Acinar polarity ducts tight junctions basal lamina Endocrine-Islets of Langerhans no polarity, no tight junctions no ducts Vascular

  38. Structure of Liver

  39. Hepatocytes and Sinusoids

    bile canaliculi are connected via tight junctions.

  40. What do stellate cells do?

    Fat storage - vitamin A & other fat soluble vitamins. Secrete type III collagen. *with injury they secrete type I collagen.

  41. Pancreatic acinar cells do what?

    CCK enhances enzyme production in Acinar cells and proliferation of Intestinal Villi, Pancreas and Gastric Gland Cell mass Pancreatic acinar cells secrete into intercalated duct cells which produce bicarbonate to neutralize chyme. acinar regulated by CCK. intercalated duct regulated by secretin.

  42. Pancreatic ductal cells do what?

    Secretin binds ductal cells increasing cAMP, activating CFTR. Cl- leaves then is exchanged for HCO3-.

  43. What is the rate limiting step for production of Bile?

    Cholesterol 7-hydroxylase.

  44. What can an ileal resection cause?

    Diarrhea. Bile is absorbed in ileum. Resection limits enterohepatic circulation of bile and bile salts reach colon. Bile is an osmotic agent and secretory stimulant of colon-> diarrhea.

  45. What does Glicentin do?

    Made by preproglucagon in Intestinal Cells to increase insulin and decrease acid.

  46. What does GLP-1 do?

    GLP-1 release by duodenal L-cells due to AA's and protein. High protein, low carb liver makes glucose.

  47. How do sulfonylureas treat early stage type II DM?

    Closes K+ channels and open Ca2+ stimulating release of insulin.

  48. What is the falciform ligament?

    The liver protrudes into the ventral mesentery and divides mesentery into falciform ligament and lesser omentum. Falciform ligament is between anterior abdominal wall and liver. Lesser omentum is between liver and stomach.