01 - My Stuff

69 flashcards · Other · by Chuck Ferrell

1. Any decline in the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) constitutes hypoxemia and initially manifests as restlessness and confusion. It may progress to combative behavior.

2. 6 R's of Clinical Decision Making

   1. Read the scene

3. 2. Read the patient

4. Respiratory - LOC

   Assessing the level of consciousness is imperative in patients with dyspnea.

5. 3. React

6. 4. Reevaluate

7. 5. Revise the treatment plan

8. 6. Review performance.

9. B-Cells

   Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses.

10. Also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype.

11. parasympathetic nervous system

    The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.

12. Don't be too quick to conclude that the patient's only condition is a relatively straightforward respiratory disorder. Always dig deeper to determine what else may be triggering or worsening the patient's respiratory distress.

13. Most chronically ill patients have a respiratory component to their disease.

14. Rest & Digest

15. Agonist

    A molecule that binds to a receptor site stimulating a response.

16. Tachypnea can signal anxiety, diabetes, or shock.

17. 3. Application of principal - The third stage of the critical thinking process comes when your field impression becomes your working diagnosis.

18. 2. Data interpretation is the evaluation of the information you have gathered to form a conclusion.

19. Red tag — Patients in critical condition who need immediate care and transport to survive Top priority.

20. 1. Concept formation starts with scene size-up.

21. Stages of critical thinking

    Things you see, hear, smell, or feel and information you gather from your diagnostic tools play into concept formation.

22. Black tag — Patients with nonsurvivable injuries or the obviously dead (also called Priority Zero)

23. Green tag — The walking wounded or minimally injured

24. Yellow tag — Patients in unstable condition Second priority. Care and transport can be temporarily delayed.

25. Trige

    The process of sorting patients into four categories based on the severity of their injuries:

26. Where are nicotinic receptors found?

    Nicotinic receptors are found in:- skeletal muscle- adrenal medulla cells- cell bodies of all postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisionsStimulation to these receptors results in activation of body systems containing the receptors; skeletal muscle contractions, increased heart rate and blood pressure.

27. Many acute myocardial infarctions present as heart failure, as do renal crises.

28. Respiratory - SAMPLE

    Respiratory difficulty must always be evaluated considering the patient's cardiovascular and renal status.

29. 4: Think and work under pressure effectively.

30. Patients with chronic bronchitis often have chronically low oxygen levels and relatively high hemoglobin levels, resulting in chronic peripheral cyanosis.

31. Some patients with chronic respiratory conditions who have an artificially low oxygen saturation may also have a low level of chronic cyanosis.

32. In patients with high hemoglobin levels, such as those with chronic respiratory disease, cyanosis may develop earlier than in patients with normal hemoglobin levels.

33. The blue discoloration of cyanosis becomes apparent when about 5 g/dL becomes desaturated (has no oxygen molecules attached). The person's oxygen saturation would be roughly 65%.

34. 3: Use judgment and independent decision making.

35. 2: Develop and implement a treatment plan.

36. 4 Cornerstones of Paramedic Decision Making

    1: Gather, evaluate, and synthesize information.

37. Dizziness and tingling extremities could signify hyperventilation.

38. A brief seizure often accompanies a hypoxic event or cardiac arrest.

39. Cyanosis

    Healthy adults have a hemoglobin level of 12 to 14 g/dL.

40. Muscarinic Receptors

    Membrane-bound proteins with an extracellular domain that contains a recognition site for acetylcholine (ACh); combination of Ach with the receptor initiates a physiologic change (slowing of heart rate, increased glandular secretory activity, and stimulation of smooth muscle contractions); changes are observed after treatment with the mushroom alkaloid muscarine.

41. What happens when acetylcholine binds to a nicotinic receptor?

    When acetylcholine binds to a nicotinic receptor it produces an excitatory response.

42. What are terms that could describe stimulation of the parasympathetic system?

    The following terms can be used to describe stimulation of the parasympathetic system:- parasympathomimetic- cholinergic- parasympathetic agonist

43. Where are the sympathetic collateral ganglia located?

    The sympathetic collateral ganglia are located in the abdominal cavity.

44. Beta 2 stimulation causes

    - dilation of arterioles of the heart, lungs and skeletal muscle- dilation of the lower airways of the lungs- relaxation of the uterus in females- breakdown of glycogen to glucose within the liver

45. Chronotrophy

    Chronotropy represents rate. In the case of the heart, it is heart rate.Positive chronotropy increases heart rate.Negative chronotropy decreases heart rate.

46. What are terms that could describe suppression of the parasympathetic system?

    - parasympatholytic- cholinergic blocker- parasympathetic blocker- anticholinergic- parasympathetic antagonist- vagolytic

47. What are the receptors of the sympathetic system?

    - Alpha 1- Alpha 2- Beta 1- Beta 2- Dopaminergic (dopamine)These will be important for the paramedic to know as many drugs use target receptors of the sympathetic system to elicit specific responses.

48. What is the neurotransmitter for every adrenergic and cholinergic preganglionic neuron?

    Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter of every adrenergic and cholinergic preganglionic neuron.

49. Where are beta 1 receptors located?

    heart and kidneys

50. Wernicke encephalopathy (WE)

    An acute neurological condition characterized by a clinical triad of ophthalmoparesis with nystagmus, ataxia, and confusion. This is a life-threatening illness caused by thiamine deficiency, which primarily affects the peripheral and central nervous systems

51. BAM: The Bronchodilator Team

    Some of the most popular bronchodilators are albuterol, methylxanthines, and anticholinergic agents.B stands for beta2-agonist. These are medications ending in "-terol." One good example is albuterol (Solu-Medrol).A represents the anticholinergic agents that end in "-pium." These drugs decrease mucus production in the bronchioles. An effective way to remember this kind of drug is the thought that, if you can't pee with them, it's anticholinergic.M is for methylxanthines which are drugs ending i…

52. SLM: The Anti-Inflammatory Team

    Anti-inflammatory drugs cause the smooth muscles and the major pathways (bronchi and bronchioles) of the lungs to relax.S stands for steroids; corticosteroids ending in "-sone." Prednisone falls under this group.L is for "-leukast." Leukotrienes, the blood cells that cause prostaglandin production leading to inflammation, are stabilized by this drug. Once leukotrienes are controlled, the bronchi and the bronchioles will start to relax. Singulair (montelukast sodium) is a leukotriene receptor an…

53. What are the 2 main types of cholinergic receptors?

    The 2 main types of cholinergic receptors are nicotinic and muscarinic.

54. What is dromotropy?

    Dromotropy means relating to, or influencing the conductivity of, nerve fibers or cardiac muscle fibers.Positive dromotropy increases conductivity.Negative dromotropy decreases conductivity.

55. Mental checklist for all calls

    1. Take a moment to scan the scene.

56. 3. Move forward and make decisions and act on behalf of your patient.

57. 4. Stay calm and in control, and maintain situational awareness.

58. 5. Reflection on action - The last stage in the critical thinking process occurs after the call is over and is commonly associated with run review, run critiques, or debriefings.

59. In the fourth stage of the critical thinking process, you are actively treating your patient while monitoring the effects of your interventions.

60. 4. Reflection in action

61. Anxiety can be an early sign of hypoxia, while confusion, lethargy, and coma are typically later signs.

62. Since the brain is sensitive to reduced levels of oxygen, any alteration in LOC could represent a degree of respiratory compromise.

63. Failure to deliver oxygen efficiently results in cellular hypoxia. Hypoxia kills cells by making it impossible for them to make enough energy to do their work.

64. 5. Regularly and continually reevaluate your patient.

65. An increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) usually has sedative effects, making the patient sleepy and difficult to rouse.

66. 2. Take another moment to stop and think.

67. What is inotropy?

    Inotropy refers to contractility, usually of a muscle (e.g. cardiac muscle).Positive inotropy increases contractility.Negative inotropy decreases contractility.

68. Where are parasympathetic ganglia located?

    in or near the walls of the organs being innervated

69. Where are Beta 3 receptors mainly located?

    Mainly in adipose tissue