Equine Exercise Physiology Quiz 1

106 flashcards · Other · by Emma Yarbrough

1. Horses were evolved for _____.

   Speed

2. Horses evolved in the _______ _________ __ ________ _________.

   Ancient prairie in North America

3. What is an example of another animal that evolved for speed?

   Pronghorn Antelopes

4. Horses evolved to live in ____ ______.

   Open Spaces (For predator escape and to search for food/water)

5. ________ and _____ were enhanced by selective breeding.

   Endurance; speed

6. How many founding mares account for 72% of the maternal lineages of thoroughbred horses?

   10

7. How many founding stallions account for 95% of paternal lineages of thoroughbred horses?

   1

8. What are the 6 reasons that horses are good athletes?

   high maximal aerobic capacity large intramuscular stores of energy substrates (glycogen) high mitochondrial volume in muscle ability to increase oxygen-carrying capacity of blood efficiency of gait efficient thermoregulation

9. What is VO2 max?

   maximum volume of oxygen

10. VO2 max is used as a...

    predictor of athletic ability.

11. What is hemoglobin?

    A protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen.

12. Cardiac output =

    HR x Stroke volume

13. A TB in intense exercise has a cardiac output of

    400 L/min

14. True or False: Drafts have proportionally smaller hearts than racing breeds?

    True

15. Hearts are approximately __ of body weight?

    1%

16. What does splenic contraction at onset of exercise do?

    Increases circulating red blood cells... which increases oxygen carrying capacity.

17. What does it mean that horses have high maximal aerobic capacity?

    Really good at getting oxygen to muscle Really good at using oxygen once it gets to muscle

18. What is the major energy for muscle contraction?

    Oxidation of carbohydrates and fat

19. Glycogen =

    stored glucose

20. Fat is stored...

    in adipose tissue (>85%) and muscle

21. 90% of total body carbohydrate stores are in _____.

    muscle

22. Horses are able to store more carbohydrates than ____ and _____.

    sled dogs; humans

23. Horses have lots of ______ in the muscle that can be easily ______.

    substrates; accessed

24. Muscular work of galloping is ______.

    halved

25. What are 6 of the major physiological factors that contribute to superior athletic performance in horses?

    Hemoglobin concentration Gas exchange Heart size Skeletal muscle properties Anaerobic capacity Biomechanics

26. Performance is a ____________ ______.

    heritable trait

27. What aspects of performance are heritable?

    speed, conformation, temperament

28. What environmental factors play a role in performance?

    nutrition during growth; training, "will to win"

29. The animal's response to exercise is _________. The body is working to maintain ______________.

    integrated; homeostasis

30. Training is necessary for...

    effective and safe competition.

31. What are 3 things that training does?

    induces the physiological adaptations necessary to perform at a high level minimizes risk of injury appropriate behavioral and psychological factors

32. Training should...

    induce the physiological changes needed for optimal performance.

33. Horses should regularly perform the ___ __ ________ and at the ________ they will compete at.

    type of activity; intensity

34. True or false: Some physiological processes, functions, or anatomical structures can adapt to the stresses/strains of repetitive exercise?

    True

35. Adaptive training works to...

    reduce the "stress" associated with exercise by increasing the capacity of the systems.

36. How does adaptation happen?

    increased production of proteins (structural and functional) potential induction of increased transcription of DNA

37. _________ ___ ___________ ___ ______ ________ potentially induces increase transcription of DNA by...

    Accumulation of metabolites and waste products; increasing the quantity or activity of enzymes that control rate limiting functions.

38. Enzyme =

    catalyst that brings about a specific biochemical reaction

39. True or false: Adaptive training shows no impact on organs.

    False. Adaptation is associated with an increase in organ function and organ size.

40. 3 principles of training (humans):

    repetition summation duration

41. Repetition:

    must be repetition of training stimulus, # of repetitions varies with intensity of exercise.

42. summation:

    total amount of work performed; must induce some strain to elicit a response.

43. Duration:

    training stimulus must be of sufficient duration to induce an effect.

44. Overtraining:

    loss of performance ability, despite maintenance/increase in training effort, which cannot be explained by any discrete pathology

45. In a horse that is overtrained, you often see changes in both...

    performance and behavior.

46. The most common reason for wastage is...

    musculoskeletal injury.

47. What are the most common outcomes of overtraining?

    chronic fatigue, lack of training progress, injuries

48. Four commonly studied athletic species:

    humans horses grey hounds racing camels

49. T or F: Fit horses and humans typically have a higher resting HR.

    False

50. TB racehorses have a max HR ___ that of resting.

    10x

51. Hematocrit:

    Percentage of the total blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

52. Athletes that can perform at a higher percentage of their VO2 max for longer periods...

    have better fatigue resistance.

53. Muscle Fiber types:

    Type 1 and Type 2

54. Type 1 muscle fiber:

    Slow twitch (ST); endurance

55. Type 2 muscle fiber:

    Fast twitch (FT); 2a, 2b, 2x; sprinters

56. Athletic ability is determined by what 3 factors?

    genetics environment training

57. HYPP:

    Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

58. Improvement in racing times -- environment:

    Nutrition surfaces shoes/other equipment jockey

59. Human exercise physiology began...

    in the Harvard Fatigue Lab (1927-1947); 20 years of operation; >300 peer-reviewed studies

60. Can interval training make horses faster?

    ...

61. T or F: Horses are natural blood dopers.

    True

62. At the end of the 19th century through mid 1900s, equine exercise physiology shifted from...

    working animal to recreation animal; how to we make work easier & more efficient vs. how do we get faster times & more endurance

63. In 1960, Sune Persson...

    was the first to use a treadmill for horses -- used Swedish trotting horses

64. Who is the pioneer of equine exercise science?

    Sune Persson

65. Examples of scientific & industry-driven interest in the field:

    faster racing times fewer working hours spent training per horse fewer injuries improved animal welfare long-term financial benefits for owners/trainers/breeders

66. Why is a lot of equine exercise research focused on racing?

    funding opportunities easy to measure results large cohorts of similar horses horses live at tracks

67. What is the scientific method?

    observation/question research topic area hypothesis test with experiment analyze data report conclusions repeat

68. Aim of scientific investigation:

    test hypothesis through objective measurement apply statistics to the numbers that have been collected analyze statistics and relate to the hypothesis share results

69. Difficulties associated with researching equine exercise physiology:

    obtaining complete cooperation can be challenging Additional safety precautions inability to measure the athlete perceptions

70. Advantages associated with researching equine exercise physiology:

    "consent" is easier to obtain not as many protections for medical records lineage, and performance of relatives is often better recorded

71. Advantages to using a treadmill as a research technique:

    Study during any intensity of exercise (speed & up to 10% incline) easy to draw blood endoscopic evaluation of upper airway function consistent surface

72. Disadvantages to using a treadmill as a research technique:

    Potential issues with gait analysis horses need acclimation (potential for injury) potential for mechanical malfunction

73. What are the potential issues with gait analysis for using a treadmill?

    not equivalent to "on ground" exercise stride frequency is lower, and stride length is greater on treadmills

74. Research techniques: walkers

    can control speed radius options footing options -- can be difficult to keep consistent; banked/unbanked difficult to take "live" measurements

75. Research techniques: respiratory gas analysis

    measure air expired during exercise respiratory exchange ratio VO2 max

76. What is respiratory exchange ratio?

    Ratio of CO2 produced to Oxygen

77. Research techniques: heart rate

    V200 Resting HR Recovery HR Monitoring HR can allow for control of the training program

78. V200

    Velocity a horse reaches at a heart rate of 200 bpm

79. What does increased V200 indicate?

    Favorable training

80. What does decreased V200 indicate?

    Unfavorable training

81. Research techniques: blood tests

    indicators of exercise intensity and fitness monitor animal health serum, plasma, whole blood

82. As exercise intensity increases, so does...

    lactate concentration (in the blood)

83. Lactate threshold:

    lactate concentration increases steeply; 4 mmol/L or

84. A less-fit horse has a rise in blood lactate at ________ intensity exercise.

    lower = earlier lactate threshold

85. _____________ inevitably leads to lactate production.

    Glycolysis

86. Most lactate...

    enters mitochondria and is oxidized within muscles and tissues

87. Possible mechanisms for delayed-onset muscle soreness?

    muscle damage due to high tension, especially during eccentric, intense, or prolonged exercise injury lease to tissue edema and inflammation increased cell tension and strain from edema and agents (prostaglandins and histamine) cause pain additional muscle tissue breakdown and pain occur due to formation of proteases, phospholipidases, and oxygen radicals cells repair themselves and form protective proteins which prevent muscle soreness during subsequent workouts

88. Research techniques: muscle biopsy

    carbohydrate content (glycogen) muscle enzymes muscle fibers

89. X-rays:

    injury diagnostics bone mineral content

90. CT scans

    3-D view Bone morphology

91. MRI:

    organs, tissues, skeletal system 3D view

92. Ultrasound:

    soft tissues

93. Models:

    computer -- genetics; injury prediction other animals -- availability of samples; larger population

94. GPS:

    measure speed and distances during training often combined with HR monitors accuracy can be questionable best used as "relative work" does not work indoors cloudy weather can impede signal

95. Control variables:

    The variables that should be kept constant during research

96. Independent variables:

    Variables that should be altered between treatments

97. Dependent variables:

    The measurements that are taken to measure the change of the independent variable

98. 1 g =

    0.035 oz

99. 1m =

    3.3 ft

100. 1L =

     0.26 gal or 1.o6 qts