HUMAN BIOLOGY

26 flashcards · Biology · by Tanishka M

analysis/discussion scaffolding
state simply what the results show identify trends and patterns (use data) explain results scientifically conclusion - was the hypothesis supported/disproved restate hypothesis use data
evaluation
was it valid? - why or why not it was made valid through (reliability), (fairness), (precise) ex. recorded to seconds through stopwatch were there any outliers? e.g there were no outliers/there were outliers highlighted in my table.
systematic, human and random errors
systematic: occurs because of how an experiment is designed, or problems with the experiment (change experimental procedure or equipment) random: unpredictable errors, no measurement is perfectly accurate human error: not an experimental error, a mistake
cell
the smallest structure that can perform life's functions
organelle
a structure within a cell, usually membrane bound that carries out a function (exception: ribosome, nucleolus)
vesicle
membrane bound sac, that transports materials into or out of cells
cell membrane
separates the cells contents from environment outside the cell/neighbouring cells controls what can go inside/outside the cell made of a double layer of lipid molecules and associated proteins
cytoplasm
jelly/watery-like substance that fills ALL the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane made of cytosol/organelles
cytosol
liquid part of the cytoplasm, 75 - 90% water with a complex mixture of dissolved substances such as salts and carbohydrates protein and fats are not dissolved but are suspended in the watery fluid
nucleus
largest organelle in the cell, usually spherical or oval in shape. Contains genetic information, and controls activity of the cell FUNCTION - Contains the blueprint for the entire organism Formulates proteins/enzymes that control the activity of the cell
nuclear membrane
Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm, is a double membrane - two membranes separated by space
nuclear membranes:
Nuclear pores in the nuclear membrane allow large molecules, such as messenger RNA to enter/leave the nucleus.
nucleolous
located in the nucleus, it manafactures ribosomal rna
ribosomes
small, spherical organelles. At ribosomes amino acids joined together to make proteins. Can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to membranes within the cell such as endoplasmic reticulum. Site of protein synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum
Pairs of parallel membranes extend through the cytoplasm of the cell from the cell membrane to the nuclear membrane provides surface for chemical reactions, while the channels store/transport molecules.
rough er
protein synthesis - translation ribosomes are embedded on it
smooth er
site for lipid (fat based stuff) and steroid metabolism/synthesis
golgi apparatus
packaging of protein/sterioid/lipid occurs here if enzyme, it is activated and used in cell/nucleus or packaged and removed from cell modifies e,g modifies protein into an enzyme before packaging it into a vesicle, remaining in cell or goes through exocytosis
aerobic respiration v anerobic respiration occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria
anerobic - breakdown of glucose without oxygen - occurs in cytoplasm/cytosol produces 2 atp aerobic - once broken down (anerobic), and there is no oxygen to 'mop' up the hydrogen this occurs in mitochondria and cytoplasm generates up to 36 atp (in mitochondria)
singular mitochondria
mitochondrion - if there is only one you must state mitochondrion
centrioles
involved in formation of spindle fibres during cell division
lysosomes
membrane bound contain digestive enzymes; lysozymes have double membrane; otherwise the enzymes inside lysosomes would digest themselves (autolysis)
cytoskeleton
gives the cell its shape consists of microfilaments and microtubules
cell membrane
allows movement in/out the cell selectively permeable
diffusion
the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration of that substance Substances move down from their concentration gradient