Livestock Management Midterm
109 flashcards · Other · by Emma Yarbrough
Dairy Cattle Breeds:
Holstein, Jersey, Brown Swiss
Beef Cattle Breeds:
Angus, Hereford, Simmental
Swine Breeds:
Yorkshire, Duroc, Hampshire, Chester White
Goats & Sheep Breeds:
Boer Goats, Kiko Goats, Dorper Sheep
Horse Breeds:
Quarter Horse, TN Walking Horse
Holstein Characteristics:
largest in mature size color patterns of black & white or red & white highest yield of milk/cow/year largest number recorded Originated in Europe, with major developments of the breed in The Netherlands
Jersey Characteristics:
adapted to a wide range of climatic and geographical conditions characteristic color is golden fawn with or without white markings smallest of the dairy breeds secretes milk with the highest percent of butterfat origin: Island of Jersey, island in the English Channel
Brown Swiss Characteristics:
rank 2nd in milk production (volume) in US mousy brown or tan color, black hooves & muzzle docile temperament cows typically weigh up to 1,500 lbs origin: valleys and mountain slopes of Switzerland
Angus Characteristics:
calving ease & maternal traits Certified Angus Beef (CAB) Excellent carcass quality most popular breed in the US; ranks #1 in registrations since 1970
Hereford Characteristics:
high durability early maturity good maternal traits ideal cross with Angus
Simmental Characteristics:
high growth & muscling high milk production larger mature size heavy muscles, good carcass cutability
Yorkshire Characteristics:
white, large, long erect ears high fertility large litters
Duroc Characteristics:
red droopy ears high feed efficiency meat quality (marbling)
Hampshire Characteristics:
black with a white belt terminal cross sire excellent muscling & leanness cross with Yorkshire to make "blue butts"
Chester White Characteristics:
semi-lop ears maternal breed mothering ability, durability, & soundness
Boer Goats Characteristics:
developed in South Africa the name is derived from the Dutch word "boer" meaning farmer & was probably used to distinguish the native goats from the Angora goats the present-day Boer goat appeared in the early 1900s when ranchers in the Easter Cape Province started selecting for a meat-type goat
Kiko Goats Characteristics:
developed in New Zealand the Maori word "kiko" meaning flesh or meat
Dorper Sheep Characteristics:
hardy & adaptable hair breed; fast-growing in popularity origin: South Africa; developed by crossing Dorset Horn & Blackhead Persian sheep long breeding season -- non-seasonal or have an extended breeding season; can easily be managed to produce three lamb crops in two years easy-care animal that produces a short, light coat of wool & hair that shed in late spring & summer
Quarter Horse Characteristics:
originated in US from several different breeds including Thoroughbred, Mustang, Standardbred, & Arabian Most numerous in US original purpose was for speed in short races most versatile -- racing, stock horse, rodeos, trail riding, etc. important work animal; used on ranches as a stock horse
TN Walking Horse Characteristics:
the most prominent characteristics is their swift & smooth "running walk". foundation breeds include Standardbred, Morgan, Thoroughbred, & Pacers World Championship show, The Celebration, is held in Shelbyville, TN Pleasure riding, showing, light farm work 3 gaited -- flat walk, running walk, & canter
Vision in animals:
most prominent of the sense governing behavior of grazing animals
Smell in animals:
becomes dominant when male is looking for female in estrus
Signals of fear (general):
ears moving in opposite direction, head up, tail swishing, tail flips up, ears pinned back, eye white shows, defecation
signals of fear in horses and cattle:
ears moving in opposite directions head up tail swishing ears pinned back eye white shows defecation
signals of fear -- tail flips up:
bison & deer
Cattle Rectal Temp:
101.5*F
Swine Rectal Temp:
102.5*F
Horse Rectal Temp range:
99.5 - 101.5*F
Cattle Respiratory Rate:
30
Swine Respiratory Rate:
16
Horse Respiratory Rate range:
12 - 24
Cattle Heart Rate:
50
Swine Heart Rate:
60
Horse Heart Rate range:
28-44
Blackleg symptoms:
causes sudden death fever labored breathing lameness muscle swelling & blackening subcutaneous gas crackling sensation when the skin is touched rapid decomposition of carcasses
Blackleg prevention:
calfhood vaccination (w/ booster) -- 2-3 months of age (recommended revaccination ~ 4 weeks later)
Blackleg treatment:
penicillin
Blackleg Vaccine:
7-way type which protects against Clostridium Blackleg (Clostridium chauveoi) Clostridium septicum Malignant edema (Clostridium sordelli) Black disease (Clostridium novyi) 3 types of enterotoxemia (Clostridium perfringens)
Clostridium perfringens Type C & D:
sheep & goats overeating disease, enterotoxemia vaccinate at 4 weeks and 1 week before weaning common if sheep are fed high levels of concentrates
Morbidity rates highly correlated with economic losses from:
mortality, medicine and labor, premature culling
T or F: Cattle that are sick have carcasses with a lover amount of marbling and lower USDA Quality Grade (BRD)
True
Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Symptoms:
depressed animal empty flank or gut region nasal discharge ocular discharge increased respiratory rate loss of appetite increased body temperature
T or F: Most animals do not recover from BRD, even if treated with antibiotics (Micotil, Naxcel, Baytril)
False. Most animals DO recover from BRD if treated with antibiotics.
What is Preconditioning?
weaning health management nutritional management learning to eat from a bunk drink from a waterer castration & dehorning if necessary
BRD Prevention:
Prevention of BRD starts with vaccination & weaning before sale
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) forms:
respiratory, conjunctival, & reproductive
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) Transmission:
herpes virus transmission via infected animals, air, feed, water, equipment, shows, and clothes
IBR Respiratory form:
depressed nasal discharge (white/stringy) fever mild cough inflamed red nostrils and nose pad ("red nose")
IBR Conjunctival form:
inflamed conjunctiva with discharge
IBR Reproductive form:
ulcerated pustules affecting vulva/vagina & penis/prepuce
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) transmission:
spread by contact, vector transmission
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) prevention:
vaccination
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) Treatment:
antibiotics, sulfa drugs
BVD Severe form:
severe fever cough oral & nasal discharge diarrhea weight loss abortion and/or fetal abnormalities
BVD mild form:
part of "shipping fever" complex ulcerations on digestive tract diarrhea (mucus or blood)
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV):
symptoms: labored breathing, pneumonia prevention: vaccination treatment: antihistamines, corticosteroids
Parainfluenza3 (PI3):
Transmission: airborne, feed, water, equipment Symptoms: nasal discharge, mild cough, fever, depression PI3 vaccination
Pasteurellosis:
Pasteurella hemolytica and miltocida type A symptoms: depression, dyspnea, anorexia, fever, bloody nasal discharge, cough Bacterin vaccination in combination
Haemophilus somnus:
bacterial infection of the brain symptoms: drowsiness, depression, incoordination, fever H. somnus bacterin Antibiotic treatment effective early
Respiratory Diseases:
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) Parainfluenza3 (PI3) Pasteurellosis Haemophilus somnus
Leptospirosis transmission:
Venereal transmission common (natural mating) also urine, placental fluid, and milk transmission
Leptospirosis symptoms:
few symptoms -- hemolytic anemia abortion cessation of milk production fever discolored urine
Leptospirosis prevention:
vaccination of breeding animals annually and sanitation
Brucellosis:
Brucella abortus ingestion, skin abrasions, fetal fluid herd-to-herd infection -- introduction of infected animal abortion after 5th month (classic) purchase from brucellosis-free herds Heifer vaccination (4-12 months) -- strain 19 RB 51 Blood testing
Venereal Camplylobacteriosis (aka Vibriosis):
Camplylobacter fetus sub. venerealis natural mating transmission contaminated semen and AI equipment clinical signs in the female: inflamed uterus, extended estrus intervals, extended calving intervals, embryonic mortality vaccination prior to breeding season (30 d) -- use of AI, antibiotic treatment
Trichomoniasis symptoms, microbe, and transmission:
symptoms: early fetal death and infertility, extended calving intervals the causative protozoan: Tritrichomonas foetus Transmission: T. foetus is found in the genital tracts of cattle. When cows are bred naturally by an infected bull, 30-90% become infected. Transmission can also occur when the semen from infected bulls is used for AI
Trichomoniasis continued:
bulls of all ages can remain infected indefinitely (less likely in younger males) most cows are free of infection within 3 months after breeding immunity is not long lasting and reinfection does occur new state regulations for disease testing (bulls must have a negative test) vaccine available
Reproductive diseases:
leptospirosis brucellosis venereal camplylobacteriosis trichomoniasis
Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV) symptoms:
causes tumors of lymphatic tissues -- thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, heart, spine, uterus, abomasum 1/3 of BLV infections develop persistent lymphocytosis clinical signs apparent ~1% of the time remains dormant until stressed
Bovine Leukosis Virus:
Enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) AKA Bovine Leukemia
Bovine Leukosis Virus Transmission:
taggers tattoo equipment needles flies etc
Bovine Leukosis Virus Management:
no treatment or vaccine preventative management only disinfect equipment change needles after every animal implement annual testing have good control of biting insects
Calf Scours:
Enterotoxigenic K99 E. coli, rotvirus, coronavirus symptoms: anorexia, dehydration, sunken eyes, rough hair coat, fever, watery diarrhea prevention: adequate colostrum, sanitation, dam vaccination
Johne's Disease:
Paratuberculosis (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis) symptoms: diarrhea, weight loss, emaciation, rough hair coat, poor milk production slow developing, chronic condition that usually does not affect cattle until 3-4 years old fecal contamination from infected dam to offspring young animals most susceptible to infection of disease strict sanitation important
Grass Tetany:
cause: insufficient blood magnesium signs: nervousness, difficulty walking, apparent blindness, convulsions, death treatment: magnesium solutions given IV prevention: proper nutrition, Mg supplements
Infectious Keratitis (Pink Eye):
Moraxella bovis Infected conjunctiva and cornea eye secretion infection & face flies warm weather sunlight, wind, and dust contribute vector control important
Infectious Keratitis (Pink Eye) symptoms:
excess tear production (weeping eye swelling eye discharge squinting a white spot sometimes becomes visible on cornea developing ulcer in severe cases, the iris & lens can protrude through the cornea runny nose
Warts:
infectious papillomas (viral benign tumors) cross infection through cuts or abrasions sanitation and disinfection avoid sharp objects vaccination -- not always effective
Footrot:
caused by 2 bacteria: fusobacterium necrophorum -- found in manure bacteriodes nodosus -- lives only in sheep hooves caused by moist soil conditions treatment: trim hoof wall to the quick; foot bath (5 min, 10% formalin or 10% zinc sulfate *safer*) or apply Coppertox
Temporary Methods of Identification:
ear tagging neck tagging paint branding sale tagging leg banding
Permanent Methods of Identification:
branding (hot or cold) tattooing (ear or lip) ear notching microchipping nose printing
Freeze Branding:
destroy melanocytes without damaging animal hides melanocytes = hair pigmentation cells hair regrowth lacks pigmentation (white) white animals: create a bald brand by destroying hair-producing follicles; no hair regrowth at branding area same concept as hot brand without same hide damage animal welfare issue: freeze branding likely causes less pain (residual pain)
Drug administration:
injection (intramuscular, IM; subcutaneous, SQ) intranasal oral topical intravenous (IV) intraruminal (IR) intraperitoneal (IP)
Subcutaneous injection needle selection:
16 or 18 gauge 1/2 to 3/4 inches
Intramuscular injection needle selection:
16 or 18 gauge 1 to 1 1/2 inches
Modified Live Vaccines:
contains viruses that reproduce in the body, but not aggressively enough to cause the disease many require only a single dose
Killed Vaccine:
contain small inactivated pieces of a virus that will not replicate, no cell-mediated immunity most require two doses
Dehorning methods:
paste (newborns) electric (young) barnes dehorner (scoop) -- for medium sized horns keystone dehorners -- for larger horns or horns with a wide base genetically select for polled animals
Foal Rectal Temperature Range:
99.5 - 102*F
Foal Heart Rate Range:
80-120
Foal Respiratory Rate Range:
24-40
Core Horse Vaccinations:
Tetanus EEE/WEE WNV Rabies
Swine Critical Production Variables (CPVs):
number of piglets born alive vs. number of piglets born dead (stillbirths & mummies) % mortality or survival weaning weights per piglet; 21-day sow litter weaning weight sows should average 2-2.4 litters per sow per year
Farrowing Crate dimmensions:
0.70 m wide and 2.40 m in length (2 x 7 feet)
Flooring of Farrowing crate:
usually wire mesh size of gaps important to reduce injuries to piglet and sow's feet
Reasons for using a farrowing crate:
reduce piglet mortality reduce sow aggression that can be observed in group housing individual feeding and care for the sow to aid the stockperson (cleaning, assisting farrowing, and treatment if they are sick)
Signs of farrowing:
nest building behavior increased restlessness discharge from the vulva abdominal contractions increase in rectal temperature availability of milk in the udder
T or F: The period from the beginning of abdominal contractions to expulsion of the first piglet may take from 1-3 hours with a range of 15 minutes to 10 hours.
True