ENZYMES

70 flashcards · Biology · by mi_mika

1. chemical reactions that transfer electrons between two chemical species with the help of enzymes reactions are the driving force behind all biological reactions

   Oxidation Reactions or Enzymatic Oxidation

2. An enzyme that catalyses an oxidation reaction Types: peroxidases & oxidases increase the rate at which ATP is produced aerobically

   oxidative enzyme

3. uses hydrogen peroxide a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of a substrate by hydrogen peroxide or an organic peroxide

   peroxidases

4. uses a molecular oxygen an enzyme which promotes the transfer of a hydrogen atom from a particular substrate to an oxygen molecule, forming water or hydrogen peroxide.

   oxidases

5. Refers to the various chemical reactions that take place in organisms to allow maintenance of normal functions and survival Can also refer to the breaking down of food and for digestion

   Metabolism

6. What type of digestion is teeth grinding on food?

   Mechanical Digestion

7. What type of digestion is the use of stomach Acid and salivary-Amylase?

   Chemical Digestion

8. the physical process of breaking food down into smaller pieces so that digestive enzymes can act on it

   mechanical digestion

9. the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) using enzymes

   chemical digestion

10. enzyme that breaks down starch

    Salivary-Amylase

11. breaking down complex to simple Refers to the series of reactions that involve breaking down larger or more complex molecules into simpler ones

    Catabolism

12. breaking down simple to complex Refers to the series of reactions that involve synthesizing more complex molecules from simpler ones

    Anabolism

13. a reactant loses electrons during a reaction

    oxidation

14. a reactant accumulates or gains electrons during a reaction

    reduction

15. aka. oxidation-reduction reaction a chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between two species

    Redox Reactions

16. catalyze redox reactions between different molecules

    Redox enzymes

17. the one that says whether an election is lost or gained a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons from or lose electrons to an electrode and thereby be reduced or oxidised respectively

    Redox potential

18. a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell

    Octet Rule

19. a chemical bond formed when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom

    Ionic Bond

20. A chemical bond formed when electrons are shared between two atoms

    Covalent Bond

21. relies on breaking the bonds once you break the bonds, it results to energy (free energy)

    Redox Process

22. Higher energy state will be converted into lower energy state (basically there’s an energy release)

    Spontaneous or Exergonic Reaction

23. Low energy state will be converted into high energy state (basically it needs energy)

    Nonspontaneous or Nonexergonic Reaction

24. Examples of Redox

    Aerobic Respiration Oxidative Phosphorylation Free Radical Reactions Photosynthesis

25. using oxygen molecules to break down the food so that you can utilize it in the form of energy for the survival of humans, animals, fungi, and plants

    Aerobic respiration

26. a cellular process that harnesses the reduction of oxygen to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) aka. electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal oxidation a metabolic process that uses oxygen to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

    Oxidative phosphorylation

27. a chemical reaction that involves free radicals, which are highly reactive atoms with an unpaired electron undergo addition to carbon-carbon double bonds

    Free Radical Reactions

28. a chemical process that uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars end product: glucose and oxygen {glucose (C6H12O6), oxygen (O2) and water (H2O)}

    Photosynthesis

29. Aerobic Respiration Processes

    Glycolysis Krebs Cycle

30. Process of splitting of glucose molecules in order to generate energy End product: 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH Oxidation of glucose, the reduction of NADH (NADH → NAD) — losing of hydrogen sya kaya mawawala H sa NADH Pyruvate --- there's remaining electrons

    Glycolysis

31. End product of Glycolysis

    2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, and 2 NADH

32. Involves oxygen and the use of the pyruvate products of glycolysis Pyruvate - product of glycolisis… that part will undergo krebs cycle there's 38 ATP and 2 will be used, that's why there will only be 36

    Krebs Cycle

33. End product of Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

    4CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP

34. the process of ions moving across a semipermeable membrane, from an area of high ion concentration to an area of low ion concentration the movement of hydrogen ions across the membrane via ATP synthase

    Chemiosmosis

35. _________ and the ______________ are a part of the process of oxidative phosphorylation.

    Chemiosmosis and the electron transport chain

36. the process by which glucose is broken down to produce energy and pyruvate the other name of glycolysis glycolytic pathway used by humans (and yeast)

    Embden-Meyerhof pathway

37. a coenzyme central to metabolism an essential pyridine nucleotide that serves as an essential cofactor and substrate for a number of critical cellular processes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production, DNA repair, epigenetically modulated gene expression, intracellular calcium signaling, and immunological functions

    Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

38. a simple classical model of the thermodynamic behavior of gases states that gas particles are in constant motion and exhibit perfectly elastic collisions--- can be used to explain both Charles's and Boyle's laws

    Kinetic Molecular Theory

39. molecules tend to behave differently when exposed to _________

    high temperature

40. High temperature results in bonds ______. These bonds are what keep molecules together.

    bonds breaking

41. Influencing the activity of an enzyme means that its reaction rate may either increase or decrease as a result Cells maintain a proper internal environment because deviations from optimal conditions may greatly impact the biochemical reactions that are supposed to take place

    Optimal enzyme activity

42. High concentration leads to ________

    high collisions

43. Low concentration leads to ________

    low collisions

44. Enzymes are ______: meaning they speed up a certain process

    catalysts

45. when a given concentration of enzyme has reached its maximum reaction rate, increasing the amount of substrate will not affect the reaction rate any further

    saturation point

46. _________ only occurs in catalyzed reactions

    saturation

47. The contempt of saturation level does not apply to _________ reactions. If a chemical reaction does not require an enzyme, it will not reach a saturation point

    uncatalyzed

48. Factors affecting enzyme activity

    Temperature pH Substrate Concentration Enzyme Concentration

49. Also includes uncatalyzed reactions When _______ rises, molecules tend to be excited. And once they’re excited, collision is at a high rate. The reaction rate reaches its peak at the optimum ________ a direct relationship

    Temperature

50. Raising temperature generally ___________ a reaction

    Speeds up

51. lowering temperature ________ a reaction

    slows down

52. _____________ can cause an enzyme to lose its shape, denature, and cause it to stop working

    extremely high temperature

53. the process by which proteins lose their folded structure and biological activity structural or conformational changes from the native structure without alteration of the amino acid sequence the destruction of the tertiary structure of a protein molecule and the formation of random polypeptide chains

    protein denaturation

54. Each enzyme has an optimum ______ range, and changing the ______ outside of this range will slow enzyme activity

    pH

55. Unfavorable pH alterations may result in a ________ in enzyme activity, with the more extreme changes in pH rendering the enzyme dysfunctional

    decrease

56. an enzyme that works in relatively acidic conditions and usually seen in the stomach an enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids

    Pepsin

57. an enzyme that functions at basic pH a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller pieces usually produced in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine

    Trypsin

58. The highest reaction rates can be achieved when all the enzymes have available substrates for binding and catalysis Increasing substrate or enzyme will not increase the reaction

    Substrate concentration

59. terminates catalytic reactions molecules that interact with enzymes (temporary or permanent) in some way and reduce the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction or prevent enzymes from working in a normal manner

    Enzyme Inhibitors

60. Enzyme Regulators

    Inhibitors Chemical Modifications

61. Types of Inhibitors

    Competitive Noncompetitive

62. these inhibitors compete with the substrates for binding to the enzyme’s active site

    Competitive Inhibitors

63. these inhibitors bind to enzymes outside of the active site. When these bindings occur, the enzyme’s structure may become modified and can reduce the active site’s capacity to bind to substrates

    Noncompetitive Inhibitors

64. regulate enzyme activity by changing the structure of the enzyme ex: covalent modifications and allosteric control

    Chemical Modifications

65. Phosphate groups can bind to enzyme kinase through ___________

    Phosphorylation

66. How to reverse the binding of phosphate groups to enzyme kinase?

    Protein phosphatase or dephosphorylation

67. the addition of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to a molecule the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion

    Phosphorylation

68. a phosphatase enzyme that removes a phosphate group from the phosphorylated amino acid residue of its substrate protein

    protein phosphatase

69. enzymes that cleave the phosphoric ester bond to generate an alcohol and a free phosphate ion, play vital roles in biology since dephosphorylation and the reverse process are essential to cell regulation and cell signaling

    role of phosphatase enzymes

70. the process of removing a phosphate group from an organic compound a reversible process that can occur in proteins, DNA, and other molecules the process by which phosphate groups are removed from a molecule by a phosphatase

    Dephosphorylation