Ex Phys Quiz 5

46 flashcards · Other · by Emma Yarbrough

1. Why are athletic injuries bad?

   career-ending retirement death of horses death/injury of riders adverse perception to the public -- racing detrimental to industry's economics

2. Across all equestrian disciplines, what are the major reasons for animal loss and missed training days?

   musculoskeletal injury and lameness

3. What are the 2nd major reasons for animal loss and missed training days?

   respiratory and GI disorders

4. sport-specific musculoskeletal injuries at onset of racing =

   bucked shins

5. sport-specific musculoskeletal injuries for dressage horses =

   hind limb suspensory ligament; high levels of collection

6. Osteoarthritis (OA):

   defined as degeneration of joint up to 60% of lameness is related to OA Quarter Horses and Thoroughbreds are most commonly affected breeds Can occur early in an athletic career, or in older horses

7. Most common sites for spontaneous OA in racehorses:

   metacarpophalangeal joint and carpal joints close-fitting articular surfaces could vary by discipline, not all studied

8. T or F: Nearly 50% of horses with OA are affected in more than one joint

   True

9. Horses are used as a ______ OA model.

   human femorotibial joint articular cartilage thickness similar to human knee

10. Two main ways (mechanisms) that OA develops:

    "abnormal" loading on "normal" cartilage "normal" loading on "abnormal" catilage

11. Abnormal stresses on normal cartilage examples:

    loss of stability (fractures, ligamentous tears) joint congruence changes (fracture, developmental defects) cyclical or athletic trauma remodeling and microfractures/necrosis in subchondral bone

12. Normal stresses on abnormal cartilage examples:

    ageing osteochndosis inflammation of soft tissue athletic/cyclical loading

13. Main effects of OA:

    pain and limited function

14. ideal treatment of OA:

    would relieve symptoms and produce disease modifying effects don't just want to relieve symptoms

15. Corticosteroids:

    provide pain relief may lead to cartilage damage/prevent cartilage from repairing itself

16. Bisphonates (Osphos):

    navicular horses > 4 years of age inhibits osteoclasts -- cannot remove old bone, can't renew bone pain relieving effects increased risk in fractures in humans

17. Conformation:

    primarily balance and structure muscling too consider breed and sex characteristics highly subjective

18. Conformation influences:

    genetics -- height, toeing in, toeing out age -- uneven growth, muscle tone sex -- mares, stallions, geldings

19. Conformation deviations -- tarsal angles:

    post-legged = not able to achieve a high degree of collection sickle-hocked = extra strain on soft tissues of hock

20. Conformation deviations -- increased flexor angle of shoulder:

    positive affect on Thoroughbred/flat racing greater range of motion detrimental to cow work

21. T or F: Conformation supports intended purpose/function of the horse?

    True

22. Injuries found in the non-racing quarter horse:

    western performance events frequently focus on young horses -- management during training reining horses = palmar foot pain -- heavy muscling & small hoof; lameness originating from tarsus longer careers than racing horses, may accumulate chronic injuries barrel racing = fetlock & hock OA - forelimbs are most commonly affected

23. Risk factors for lameness in dressage horses:

    older horses were more likely to have an episode of lameness in past 2 years taller horses were more likely to have been lame in the past 2 years amount of time spent on hot walker increased risk of lameness lunging decreased lameness risk by 0.8x more time walking during warm up increased risk for injury

24. EIPH -- Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage:

    bleeding occurring in the lung during exercise -- blood vessels rupture ruptured blood vessels may become blocked or reduced function occurs in most racehorses -- eventing, polo, barrel racing

25. EIPH treatment:

    IV administration of furosemide (Lasix) 4 hours before racing reducing severity diuretic mechanisms still unclear

26. Athletic injuries -- treatments:

    traditional medicine alternative medicine rest relieve pain, but don't forget that it is there ideally, want to reduce the injury/disease effects

27. Athletic injuries -- prevention:

    positive associate between earlier start of competitive career, and career length permitting and prescribing exercise early in life communication -- avoid fractionated approach between vet, trainer, farrier, owner, rider, etc. rider/trainer are often a significant factor in the management variables -- shorter duration of ownership associated with greater injury risk education and dissemination -- quality of education pasture when possible

28. Physical properties of surfaces that influence performance and soundness:

    impact resistance shear resistance friction

29. Impact resistance:

    density of compaction -- hardness hard surfaces = high impact resistance and absorb little (concrete) soft surfaces = low impact resistance & absorb more force (sand)

30. T or F: With hard surfaces, there are possible bone and joint problems (DJD) = move conservatively to avoid excessive shock

    True

31. What injuries are related to using surfaces that are too deep and soft?

    strained muscles, tendons, and ligaments premature fatigue and labored movement

32. Shear resistance:

    surface resistance to penetration by toe during push-off

33. T or F: due to shear resistance, hard surfaces are tough on navicular horses

    True

34. What does ideal shear resistance look like?

    Toe should penetrate during last part of push off where navicular region experiences highest forces. Toe should leave a dent.

35. If footing is too loose, shear resistance is...

    too low

36. Low shear resistance:

    footing continues to yield during push-off soft tissues must work harder for necessary propulsion rapid onset of fatigue and the instability invites excessive lateral movement in joints -- strains

37. Friction:

    resistance of sliding over the surface hood sliding forward as it impacts the ground high friction -- stops abruptly low friction -- slide uncontrollably

38. T of F: Too much or too little friction reduces a horse's confidence = horse takes shorter steps = give them their head.

    True

39. Formula for good footing:

    deformable but resilient provides penetration during break-over but stability during push-off allows hooves to slide gently into loading phase

40. When creating an area, consider the following factors:

    fiber content cushion thickness moisture content

41. Most common footing:

    limestone/clay base angular sand

42. Arena surfaces -- western performance:

    base = sand/silt/clay soft surface allowing rapid changes in direction and speed without slipping need to hold horses upright during speed too deep should be avoided

43. Arena surfaces -- in hand:

    dry shallow

44. Arena surfaces -- all-around:

    less deep than the western performance more moisture than the in-hand

45. Arena surfaces -- indoor polo:

    surface is shallow --> polo ball

46. Arena surfaces -- green shavings:

    Kentucky Expo Center