Ex. Phys. Quiz 6

50 flashcards · Other · by Emma Yarbrough

1. Arena surfaces -- Dressage:

   should have a base -- limestone recommended woodchips = slipping wax-coated or sand and rubber surfaces grip

2. Thoroughbred racetrack surfaces:

   crushed limestone base 6" cushion

3. standardbred racetrack surfaces:

   banked primarily limestone base compact less-sensitive to moisture

4. Moisture content of footing:

   provides dust control and cushion 8-14% clay needs lower moisture content, sand needs higher too dry = cuppy, low shear resistance too wet = clay base gets soft, holds sand in place

5. T or F: Regardless of discipline, sand is most common primary footing component

   True

6. Riding through mud:

   go slow let horse have its head avoid deeper than top of hoof

7. how can we evaluate mental behavior adaptation in a horse compared to human athletes?

   easier to get rid of subject bias harder to gain opinions owner bias

8. Accepted equine stress parameters:

   cortisol heart rate heart rate variability

9. Ethics:

   moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity

10. Ethical decision making:

    recognizing ethical issues making ethical judgements establishing ethical intentions engaging in ethical behavior

11. Welfare:

    How is an animal coping with the conditions in which it lives

12. 5 provisions and aligned animal welfare aims:

    good nutrition good environment good health appropriate behavior positive mental experiences

13. Biomechanics:

    study of mechanical laws relating to the movement or structure of living organisms

14. Why study biomechanics -- historic use?

    military agriculture transport

15. Why study biomechanics -- recent use as a competitive athlete?

    range of disciplines need to lope on correct lead need to transition efficiently

16. Why study biomechanics -- sport-specific training programs?

    reduce wastage reduce economic losses improve efficiency improve performance enhance rehabilitation

17. Anatomy:

    developed for a fast, long stride one retained weight-bearing digit more injuries occur to distal limb than proximal limb forelimb - scapula joined by connective tissues -- no bony attachment

18. Locomotion analysis -- internal and external factors:

    horse conformation arena surface composition

19. Locomotion analysis -- whole body or individual body parts:

    speed of horse stride duration of front vs. back legs

20. locomotion analysis -- Single stride:

    repeated unit of movement of an individual limb in a full cycle of limb motion -- measure from one footfall of a limb to the next

21. locomotion analysis -- stance phase:

    measured from hoof landing to toe-off hoof is in contact with the ground

22. locomotion analysis -- breakover:

    begins at heel lift ends at toe lift is a terminal part of the stance phase

23. locomotion analysis -- mid-stance position:

    forelimb = when the metacarpus is in vertical position hindlimb = when the hoof is directly under the hip

24. locomotion analysis -- swing phase:

    measured from toe-off to hoof landing hoof has no contact with the ground is lifted and brought forward (protracted) in preparation for weight bearing

25. locomotion analysis -- stride duration:

    time for one complete gait cycle decreases with velocity is associate with a shortened stance phase "seconds/stride"

26. locomotion analysis -- stride frequency:

    the number of strides per unit of time is the inverse of stride duration "stride/second" increases nonlinearly with velocity

27. locomotion analysis -- stride length:

    linear distance a hoof travels during a stride cycle usually in meter increases linearly with velocity calculated with velocity and stride frequency

28. locomotion analysis - duty factor:

    fraction of the stride when the limb maintains contact with the ground reported as a percentage mostly reduces with increased velocity

29. locomotion analysis - kinematic measurements:

    geometry of movement or description of the way body parts move in space without regard for the forces producing it stance times and swing times joint angles 2D & 3D imaging surface skin markers

30. locomotion analysis -- kinetic measurements:

    examining the action of forces that produce movement without regard to the quality of the movement indiscernible to human sensory perception acceleration, energetics, and work force plates/sensors, strain gauges, accelerometers

31. locomotion analysis often synchronize many things together:

    kinematic and kinetic data morphometric data mathematical formulas

32. gait:

    repeating sequence of foot-falls recognized by a consistent limb coordination pattern horses have many innate gait patterns training can enhance innate gait patterns and develop other unnatural gaits

33. symmetrical gaits:

    gaits in which each forelimb and hindlimb is considered to be employed equivalently with very similar kinematics (movement) and kinetics (forces) walk, trot, pace

34. asymmetrical gaits:

    individual limb function is considered to be different both in kinematics and kinetics lead limb: last forelimb to leave the ground prior to the suspension phase canter and gallop

35. walk:

    legs move in lateral pairs LH - LF - RH - RF no suspension phase increased velocity = dependent on moving center of mass further forward in stance period as velocity increases, stance phase of individual limbs shortens

36. trot:

    suspension phase as speed increases, footfall pattern moves toward the median plane, increasing stability equilibrium between expenditure and forward movement (easy gait to do for a long time) impacted less by head and neck flexion and extension than the walk is - more-stable gait as speed increases, may see diagonal disassociation positive diagonal disassociation = hindlimb is grounded before forelimb (dressage horses) negative diagonal disassociation = ground and take off with the forelimb in…

37. Pace:

    standardbred racehorses two-beats, lateral pairs suspension phase increased velocity = asymmetry between subsequent stride lengths, interlimb coordination, and flight phases

38. Canter:

    three-beat, diagonal support base, suspension phase trailing hind limb, diagonal pair, leading forelimb moment where only the leading limb bears weight

39. Gallop:

    four beats; the diagonal pair from the canter becomes disassociated suspension phase, and phase of lead-limb-only loading forelimbs and hindlimbs work in two skipping pairs increasing speed = less stance duration for each limb, higher stride frequency, higher stride length

40. Gait transitions:

    primary aim of locomotion is to generate forces to counteract effects of perturbations within movement and the environment

41. Biomechanics - turning:

    when exercised in a circle, horses lean into the continuous turns to maintain balance -- lean up to 20 degrees as speed and curve increases, the lean angle will also increase greater tilt on flat surface compared to a banked surface possibility of reduced loaded area -- uneven forces placed on bones and joints of limbs during circular exercise outside limbs push the horse around the corner, while inside limbs provide stability -- difference seems to be greater with speed and smaller circles

42. Influence of tack -- saddle:

    load under poorly fitting saddles distributed over a smaller area -- potential for harmful pressure peaks position of riders influences weight distribution

43. Good saddle fit:

    wide, uniform contact area between saddle and horse maximal pressure values not exceeding 3.0 N/cm2 no pressure peaks (bridging)

44. influence of single-jointed snaffle bit:

    rein pressure applied evenly, bit moves caudally, deepening indentation in the tongue keepers reduce mobility of bit within oral cavity

45. influence of single mouthpiece:

    less intraoral mobility than single-jointed snaffle bit

46. Influence of reins and bridle:

    direction, duration, and magnitude of rein forces affect control of the horse

47. Rider asymmetry:

    asymmetrical force distribution underneath the saddle influence to musculoskeletal system poor performance of the horse injuries?

48. Influence of rider:

    rider accelerates and decelerates during locomotion

49. Influence of rider at trot:

    posting -- standing phase has least amount of loading two-point: peak forces are lowest precursor to jockey position racing times increased when jockey position was introduced

50. influence of rider -- experience:

    experiences riders can maintain an upright body position -- more stable position instability in the upper body of a novice rider in the sitting trot -- not found in advanced riders expert riders can move with the horse