AP Bio Unit 1

52 flashcards · Biology · by Mattias Amo

1. Hydrocarbons are molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.

   Molecule types

2. Functional groups add chemical properties to organic molecules.

   Organic chemistry

3. The hydroxyl group (-OH) is found in carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.

   Functional group examples

4. The carbonyl group (>C=O) is found in carbohydrates and nucleic acids.

   Functional group examples

5. The carboxyl group (-COOH) is found in proteins and lipids.

   Functional group examples

6. The amino group (-NH2) is found in proteins and nucleic acids.

   Functional group examples

7. The sulfhydryl group (-SH) forms disulfide bonds in proteins.

   Protein structure

8. The phosphate group is found in nucleic acids and some lipids.

   Functional group examples

9. The methyl group (-CH3) affects gene expression and protein function.

   Functional group examples

10. Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structures.

    Types of molecules

11. Structural isomers differ in backbone arrangement; stereoisomers in atom orientation.

    Types of isomers

12. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of monosaccharides.

    Simple sugars

13. Chitin is a structural polysaccharide made of modified glucose units.

    Polysaccharide example

14. The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides.

    Nucleic acid monomers

15. DNA and RNA use a five-carbon sugar in their structure.

    Nucleotide parts

16. Purines include adenine and guanine; pyrimidines include thymine, cytosine, and uracil.

    Nitrogenous bases

17. ATP, NAD+, and FAD+ are other nucleotides important in cellular energy and reactions.

    Special nucleotides

18. Proteins are made of one or more polypeptide chains.

    Protein structure

19. The four main elements in proteins are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

    Protein composition

20. The primary structure of a protein is the specific sequence of amino acids.

    Protein levels

21. The secondary structure consists of alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonding.

    Protein folding

22. The tertiary structure is the overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide chain.

    Protein folding

23. Quaternary structure is the arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains in a protein.

    Protein complexity

24. Chaperone proteins help other proteins fold correctly.

    Folding assistance

25. Denaturation causes a protein to lose its structure and function, often due to pH or temperature changes.

    Protein changes

26. Lipids are nonpolar and insoluble in water.

    Lipid properties

27. A triglyceride is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids.

    Fat structure

28. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and are usually animal origin.

    Fatty acid types

29. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds and are typically from plants.

    Fatty acid types

30. Phospholipids are made of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.

    Phospholipid makeup

31. In a phospholipid bilayer, hydrophilic heads face outward and hydrophobic tails face inward.

    Cell membrane structure

32. What type of molecule is a hydrocarbon?

    Molecule with only carbon and hydrogen

33. What is a functional group?

    A group of atoms that gives properties to organic molecules

34. Name an example of a molecule with a carboxyl group.

    Acetic acid

35. What is the difference between structural and stereoisomers?

    Structural differ in backbone; stereo differ in arrangement

36. What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

    Monosaccharides

37. What is chitin made of?

    Modified glucose units

38. What kind of bond connects nucleotides in DNA and RNA?

    Phosphodiester bond

39. What are purine nitrogenous bases?

    Adenine and guanine

40. What are pyrimidine nitrogenous bases?

    Thymine, cytosine, uracil

41. Name two nucleotide molecules used for energy or electron transfer.

    ATP and NAD+

42. What are the four different levels of protein structure?

    Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

43. What happens when a protein is denatured?

    It loses its structure and function

44. Which functional group forms disulfide bonds in proteins?

    Sulfhydryl (-SH)

45. What are the main elements found in proteins?

    Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

46. What type of bond forms between amino acids in a protein?

    Peptide bond

47. What role do chaperone proteins play?

    Help other proteins fold correctly

48. What is the basic structure of a triglyceride?

    1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

49. Where do you find phospholipids in a cell?

    In the cell membrane

50. What is the main difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

    Saturated has no double bonds; unsaturated has one or more

51. Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

    The phosphate head

52. Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

    The fatty acid tails