Medicine for beginners

Some chemistry, some wide definitions. A book to read: https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/1-5-homeostasis/, and khan academy: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-body-structure-and-homeostasis/a/homeostasis

30 flashcards · Biology · by lakesare

How is abnormal immune response to a normal body part called?
An autoimmune disease.
What does pH scale determine?
Acidity or basicity of a solution. (Pronounced as 'pi eich')
What is a neutral pH?
pH 7. E.g. water has a neutral pH.
What is an alkali?
The base, or a solution that has a pH > 7.
pH is a logarithmic scale.
Difference of one pH unit is equivalent to tenfold difference in hydrogen ion concentration.
Where are basic and acidic solutions on the pH scale?
How do acid VS base taste?
Acids - sour, bases - bitter.
What is a bile?
Dark green fluid, produced by the liver, and stored in the gallbladder. Aids the digestion of fats.
What is the most widespread reason of vomiting with bile?
Vomiting with an empty stomach.
Reason for coughing VS sneezing?
coughing: irritation in lungs. sneezing: irritation in nasal mucosa. Links: article
What does GI tract stand for?
GastroIntestinal tract (digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal).
What is this?
GastroIntestinal tract (digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal).
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the tendency to resist change in order to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. If these values get too high or low, you can end up getting very sick.Maintenance of homeostasis usually involves negative feedback loops.
Positive feedback loop vs negative feedback loop?
Positive feedback loops enhance or amplify changes; this tends to move a system away from its equilibrium state and make it more unstable. Negative feedbacks tend to dampen or buffer changes; this tends to hold a system to some equilibrium state making it more stable. Positive feedback loops are usually found in processes that need to be pushed to completion, not when the status quo needs to be maintained.
Give an example of a negative feedback loop by blood glucose levels.
Glucose level is too high - pancreas secretes insulin. Glucose level is too low - pancreas secretes glucagon.
When does diabetes happen?
Diabetes happens when a person's pancreas can't make enough insulin, or cells in the body stop responding to insulin, or both Blood sugar levels remain high for a long period of time after a meal.
Give an example of a positive feedback loop by child birth.
In childbirth, the baby's head presses on the cervix—the bottom of the uterus, through which the baby must emerge—and activates neurons to the brain. The neurons send a signal that leads to release of the hormone oxytocin from the pituitary gland. Oxytocin increases uterine contractions, and thus pressure on the cervix. This causes the release of even more oxytocin and produces even stronger contractions. This positive feedback loop continues until the baby is born.
Name 4 basic tissue types.
Humans—and other large multicellular animals—are made up of four basic tissue types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
What tissue of chicken is soft enough to just eat raw, and what needs cooking?
Muscle tissue - soft Connective tissue - hard to chew, needs cooking! We can take skin off the living bird, but if we cook it we can:
Name 4 types of connective tissues.
What's staining?
Staining is an auxiliary technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image. In biochemistry it involves adding a class-specific (DNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) dye to a substrate to qualify or quantify the presence of a specific compound.
Smoked bone marrow is a dish:
Where is red bone marrow located in human adults?
In adult humans, red bone marrow is primarily located in the: skull, ribs, vertebrae, and bones of the pelvis. On average, bone marrow constitutes 4% of the total body mass of humans.
What's vertebrae?
Vertebrae are the 33 individual, interlocking bones that form the spinal column.
Name 2 types of bone marrow, and what they produce.
Red bone marrow: produces most red blood cells, platelets, and while blood cells. Yellow bone marrow: produces fat, cartilage, and bone. Bone marrow remains red until around the age of 7 years, as the need for new continuous blood formation is high. As the body ages, the red marrow is gradually replaced by yellow fat tissue. Adults have an average of about 2.6 kg (5.7 lbs) of bone marrow, about half of which is red.
The job of stress hormones is to withdraw the blood supply from the visceral organs towards the fighting and running muscles of the arms and legs.
The internal organs of the body, specifically those within the chest (as the heart or lungs) or abdomen (as the liver, pancreas or intestines).
Name 3 organs here:
Main difference between gram-negative vs gram-positive bacteria?
Gram-negative: the outer membrane protects the bacteria from several antibiotics, dyes, and detergents that would normally damage either the inner membrane or the cell wall. Most bacteria are classified into two broad categories: Gram positive and Gram negative. These categories are based on their cell wall composition and reaction to the Gram stain test. The Gram staining method, developed by Hans Christian Gram, identifies bacteria based upon the reaction of their cell walls to certain dyes a…
[Cell types] What's simpler, prokaryotes VS eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes are simper (oldest cell type, lacks nucleus).
[Cell types] What's the etymology of prokaryote VS eukaryote?
prokaryote - pro (before) + karyon (kernel) from Greek pro "before" (see pro-) + karyon "nut, kernel" (see karyo-).eukaryote - eu (well) + karyon (kernel) from Greek eu "well, good" (see eu-) + karyon "nut, kernel" (see karyo-).