Napkin Math

Based on https://github.com/sirupsen/napkin-math/tree/master 07/24/2026

76 flashcards · Other · by Denny Ferrassoli

1. For Sequential Memory R/W (64 bytes) operation What is the latency?

   Latency: 0.5 ns

2. For Sequential Memory R/W (64 bytes) operation - Single Thread What are the throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

   Throughput: 20 GiB/s 1 MiB: 50 μs 1 GiB: 50 ms

3. For Sequential Memory R/W (64 bytes) operation - Threaded What are the throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

   Throughput: 200 GiB/s 1 MiB: 5 μs 1 GiB: 5 ms

4. For Network Same-Zone What are the throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

   Throughput: 10 GiB/s 1 MiB: 100 μs 1 GiB: 100 ms

5. For Network Same-Zone - Inside VPC What are the throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

   Throughput: 10 GiB/s 1 MiB: 100 μs 1 GiB: 100 ms

6. For Network Same-Zone - Outside VPC What are the throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

   Throughput: 3 GiB/s 1 MiB: 300 μs 1 GiB: 300 ms

7. For Hashing, not crypto-safe (64 bytes) What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

   Latency: 10 ns Throughput: 5 GiB/s 1 MiB: 200 μs 1 GiB: 200 ms

8. For Random Memory R/W (64 bytes) What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

   Latency: 20 ns Throughput: 3 GiB/s 1 MiB: 300 μs 1 GiB: 300 ms

9. For Fast Serialization [8] [9] † What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

   Latency: N/A Throughput: 1 GiB/s 1 MiB: 1 ms 1 GiB: 1 s

10. For Fast Deserialization [8] [9] † What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: N/A Throughput: 1 GiB/s 1 MiB: 1 ms 1 GiB: 1 s

11. For System Call What is the latency?

    Latency: 300 ns

12. For Hashing, crypto-safe (64 bytes) What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: 100 ns Throughput: 1 GiB/s 1 MiB: 1 ms 1 GiB: 1 s

13. For Sequential SSD read (8 KiB) What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: 1 μs Throughput: 8 GiB/s 1 MiB: 100 μs 1 GiB: 100 ms

14. For Context Switch [1] [2] What is the latency?

    Latency: 10 μs

15. For Sequential SSD write, -fsync (8KiB) What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: 2 μs Throughput: 3 GiB/s 1 MiB: 300 μs 1 GiB: 300 ms

16. For TCP Echo Server (32 KiB) What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: 50 μs Throughput: 500 MiB/s 1 MiB: 2 ms 1 GiB: 2 s

17. For Random SSD Read (8 KiB) What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: 100 μs Throughput: 70 MiB/s 1 MiB: 15 ms 1 GiB: 15 s

18. For Decompression [11] What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: N/A Throughput: 1 GiB/s 1 MiB: 1 ms 1 GiB: 1 s

19. For Compression [11] What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: N/A Throughput: 500 MiB/s 1 MiB: 2 ms 1 GiB: 2 s

20. For Sorting (64-bit integers) What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: N/A Throughput: 500 MiB/s 1 MiB: 2 ms 1 GiB: 2 s

21. For Proxy: Envoy/ProxySQL/Nginx/HAProxy What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: 50 μs Throughput: ? 1 MiB: ? 1 GiB: ?

22. For Network within same region What are the latency, throughput, time to transfer 1 MiB, and time to transfer 1 GiB?

    Latency: 250 μs Throughput: 2 GiB/s 1 MiB: 500 μs 1 GiB: 500 ms

23. For Premium network within zone/VPC What are the latency, throughput, time to transfer 1 MiB, and time to transfer 1 GiB?

    Latency: 250 μs Throughput: 25 GiB/s 1 MiB: 50 μs 1 GiB: 40 ms

24. For Sequential SSD write, +fsync (8KiB) What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: 300 μs Throughput: 30 MiB/s 1 MiB: 30 ms 1 GiB: 30 s

25. For {MySQL, Memcached, Redis, ..} Query What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: 500 μs Throughput: ? 1 MiB: ? 1 GiB: ?

26. For Serialization [8] [9] † What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: N/A Throughput: 100 MiB/s 1 MiB: 10 ms 1 GiB: 10 s

27. For Deserialization [8] [9] † What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: N/A Throughput: 100 MiB/s 1 MiB: 10 ms 1 GiB: 10 s

28. For Sequential HDD Read (8 KiB) What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: 10 ms Throughput: 250 MiB/s 1 MiB: 2 ms 1 GiB: 2 s

29. For Random HDD Read (8 KiB) What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: 10 ms Throughput: 0.7 MiB/s 1 MiB: 2 s 1 GiB: 30 m

30. For Blob Storage GET, if-not-match 304 What is the latency?

    Latency: 30 ms

31. For Blob Storage GET, 1 conn (128KiB) What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: 80 ms Throughput: 100 MiB/s 1 MiB: 10 ms 1 GiB: 10 s

32. For Blob Storage GET, n conn (offsets) What are the latency and throughput?

    Latency: 80 ms Throughput: NW limit

33. For Blob Storage LIST What is the latency?

    Latency: 100 ms

34. For Blob Storage PUT, 1 conn (128KiB) What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: 200 ms Throughput: 100 MiB/s 1 MiB: 10 ms 1 GiB: 10 s

35. For Blob Storage PUT, n conn (multipart) What are the latency, throughput, time for 1 MiB, and time for 1 GiB?

    Latency: 200 ms Throughput: NW limit 1 MiB: 10 ms 1 GiB: 10 s

36. For Network between regions [6] What are the latency, throughput, time to transfer 1 MiB, and time to transfer 1 GiB?

    Latency: [Varies][i] Throughput: 25 MiB/s 1 MiB: 40 ms 1 GiB: 40 s

37. For Network NA Central <-> East What are the latency, throughput, time to transfer 1 MiB, and time to transfer 1 GiB?

    Latency: 25 ms Throughput: 25 MiB/s 1 MiB: 40 ms 1 GiB: 40 s

38. For Network NA Central <-> West What are the latency, throughput, time to transfer 1 MiB, and time to transfer 1 GiB?

    Latency: 40 ms Throughput: 25 MiB/s 1 MiB: 40 ms 1 GiB: 40 s

39. For Network NA East <-> West What are the latency, throughput, time to transfer 1 MiB, and time to transfer 1 GiB?

    Latency: 60 ms Throughput: 25 MiB/s 1 MiB: 40 ms 1 GiB: 40 s

40. For Network EU West <-> NA East What are the latency, throughput, time to transfer 1 MiB, and time to transfer 1 GiB?

    Latency: 80 ms Throughput: 25 MiB/s 1 MiB: 40 ms 1 GiB: 40 s

41. For Network EU West <-> NA Central What are the latency, throughput, time to transfer 1 MiB, and time to transfer 1 GiB?

    Latency: 100 ms Throughput: 25 MiB/s 1 MiB: 40 ms 1 GiB: 40 s

42. For Network NA West <-> Singapore What are the latency, throughput, time to transfer 1 MiB, and time to transfer 1 GiB?

    Latency: 180 ms Throughput: 25 MiB/s 1 MiB: 40 ms 1 GiB: 40 s

43. For Network EU West <-> Singapore What are the latency, throughput, time to transfer 1 MiB, and time to transfer 1 GiB?

    Latency: 160 ms Throughput: 25 MiB/s 1 MiB: 40 ms 1 GiB: 40 s

44. For CPU What are the prices for 1 unit: on-demand $ / month, 1y commit $ / month, spot $ / month, and hourly spot $?

    On-demand: $15/month 1y commit: $10/month Spot: $2/month Hourly spot: $0.005

45. For GPU What are the prices for 1 unit: on-demand $ / month, 1y commit $ / month, spot $ / month, and hourly spot $?

    On-demand: $5000/month 1y commit: $3000/month Spot: $1500/month Hourly spot: $2

46. For Memory What are the prices for 1 GiB: on-demand $ / month, 1y commit $ / month, spot $ / month, and hourly spot $?

    On-demand: $2/month 1y commit: $1/month Spot: $0.2/month Hourly spot: $0.0005

47. For Warehouse Storage What is the monthly cost for 1 GiB?

    Monthly cost: $0.02 per GiB

48. For Blob (S3, GCS) storage What is the monthly cost for 1 GiB?

    Monthly cost: $0.02 per GiB

49. For Zonal HDD storage What is the monthly cost for 1 GiB?

    Monthly cost: $0.05 per GiB

50. For Ephemeral SSD storage What are the prices for 1 GiB: on-demand $ / month, 1y commit $ / month, and spot $ / month?

    On-demand: $0.08/month 1y commit: $0.05/month Spot: $0.05/month

51. For Ephemeral SSD storage What is the hourly spot price for 1 GiB?

    Hourly spot: $0.07

52. For Regional HDD storage What is the monthly cost for 1 GiB?

    Monthly cost: $0.1 per GiB

53. For Zonal SSD storage What is the monthly cost for 1 GiB?

    Monthly cost: $0.2 per GiB

54. For Regional SSD storage What is the monthly cost for 1 GiB?

    Monthly cost: $0.35 per GiB

55. For Same Zone networking What is the network cost for transferring 1 GiB?

    Cost: $0 per GiB

56. For Blob networking What is the network cost for transferring 1 GiB?

    Cost: $0 per GiB

57. For Ingress networking What is the network cost for transferring 1 GiB?

    Cost: $0 per GiB

58. For L4 LB networking What is the network cost for transferring 1 GiB?

    Cost: $0.008 per GiB

59. For Inter-Zone networking What is the network cost for transferring 1 GiB?

    Cost: $0.01 per GiB

60. For Inter-Region networking What is the network cost for transferring 1 GiB?

    Cost: $0.02 per GiB

61. For Internet Egress What is the network cost for transferring 1 GiB?

    Cost: $0.1 per GiB

62. For CDN Egress What is the cost for transferring 1 GiB?

    Cost: $0.05 per GiB

63. For CDN Fill What is the cost for transferring 1 GiB?

    Cost: $0.01 per GiB

64. For Warehouse Query What is the cost for querying 1 GiB of data?

    Cost: $0.005 per GiB

65. For Logs/Traces What is the monthly cost for storing 1 GiB?

    Monthly cost: $0.5 per GiB

66. For Metrics What is the monthly cost for 1000 metrics?

    Monthly cost: $20

67. For EKM Keys What is the monthly cost for 1 key?

    Monthly cost: $1

68. For Reads in blob operations What are the costs for 1M operations and for 1000 operations?

    1M reads: $0.4 1000 reads: $0.0004

69. For Writes in blob operations What are the costs for 1M operations and for 1000 operations?

    1M writes: $5 1000 writes: $0.005

70. For EKM Encryption in blob operations What are the costs for 1M operations and for 1000 operations?

    1M encryptions: $3 1000 encryptions: $0.003

71. What is the compression ratio for HTML?

    Compression ratio: 2–3×

72. What is the compression ratio for English text?

    Compression ratio: 2–4×

73. What is the compression ratio for Source Code?

    Compression ratio: 2–4×

74. What is the compression ratio for Executables?

    Compression ratio: 2–3×

75. What is the compression ratio for RPC payloads?

    Compression ratio: 5–10×

76. What is the compression ratio or effect for SSL?

    Effect: −2%