Anatomy and Physiology

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248 flashcards · Biology · by turkeybacon v

1. types of synapses (5)

   axodendritic synapse axosomatic synapse axoaxonic synapse dendrodendritic synapse somatodendritic synapse

2. two main cell types

   neurons support cells neuroglia, glial cells

3. extracellular matrix of neuron

   glycoproteins proteoglycans collagen

4. nervous tissue

   densely packed and intertwined cells

5. neurons

   basic structural unit of nervous system C O M P O S I T I O N: body processes (dendrites & axons)

6. functional properties of neurons

   excitability conductivity secretion

7. special characteristics of neurons

   longevity amitotic: fetal neurons lose their ability to undergo mitosis high metabolic rate (need lots of O2 and glucose)

8. cell body (soma)

   usual organelles, lots of inclusions cytoskeleton - MT & neurofibrils (actin bundles) nissl bodies - rough ER clusters & free ribosomes (membrane renewal)

9. dendrites

   branches from soma receptive sites electrical signal transmission to soma

10. axon

    impulse generator/conductor NO nissl bodies ORIGIN: axon hillock POSSIBLE BRANCH: axon collateral terminal branches axon terminal (synaptic knob) axolemma axoplasm

11. axon terminal (synaptic knob)

    forms synapse w/ next cell

12. axolemma

    plasma membrane (axon)

13. axoplasm

    cytoplasm (axon)

14. axonal transport

    two-way passage of proteins, organelles & other material along axon

15. anterograde transport

    mvmt down axon, away from soma, KINESINS

16. retrograde transport

    movement up axon toward soma, DYNEIN

17. kinesin

    anterograde motor protein (down axon)

18. dynein

    retrograde motor protein (up axon)

19. fast anterograde transport

    organelles, enzymes, synaptic vesicles, small molecules, KINESINS

20. slow axonal transport

    ANTEROGRADE, enzymes, cytoskeleton parts, new axoplasm for REPAIR/REGENERATION of damaged axon, KINESINS

21. fast retrograde transport

    recycled material & pathogens, DYNEINS

22. reflexes

    quick, involuntary, reactions of muscles & glands to stimulation

23. spinal reflexes

    reflex that doesn't (directly) involve higher brain centers

24. functional classification of reflexes

    somatic reflex autonomic (visceral) reflex

25. somatic reflex

    skeletal muscle reflex stretch reflex flexor reflex crossed extensor reflex tendon reflex

26. components of reflex arc

    receptors sensory neurons - sensory information to POSTERIOR HORN of spinal cord (or brainstem) integration center (interneurons) - synaptic contact point w/ CNS (mono/polysynaptic) motor neurons - conduct impulse to effector organ effectors - muscle fiber that carries out motor response

27. stretch reflex

    muscle "fights back" and contracts when stretched FUNCTION: equilibrium & posture, joint stability (extensor & tensor balance) EX: patellar reflex (monosynaptic)

28. flexor (withdrawal) reflex

    contraction of flexor = withdrawal from stimulus

29. reciprocal inhibition

    relaxation of extensors in limb experiencing flexor reflex

30. polysynaptic reflex arc

    signal travels over many synapses on their way to the muscle

31. crossed extension reflex

    contraction of extensor of limb opposite of one being withdrawn

32. tendon reflex

    response to excessive tension on tendon FUNCTION: stops muscle from contracting too much

33. tendon organs

    proprioceptors (stretch receptors) in tendon near junction with a muscle

34. autonomic nervous system (ANS)

    motor neurons control glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle involuntary DIVISIONS: sympathetic, parasympathetic EX: visceral motor division of PNS

35. two neuron pathway of the autonomic system

    preganglionic neuron postganglionic neuron *neurons meet in autonomic ganglion

36. preganglionic neuron

    soma in brainstem or spinal cord release ACh - excitatory

37. postganglionic neuron

    axon => target cell release ACh & norepinephrine - excitatory or inhibitory

38. somatic pathway

    skeletal muscle single neuron pathway spinal cord => skeletal muscle thick, heavily myelinated release ACH - excitatory

39. parasympathetic fibers

    craniosacral ORIGIN: brain & sacral region of spinal cord

40. sympathetic fibers

    thoracolumbar ORIGIN: thoracic & lumbar region of spinal cord

41. parasympathetic fiber length

    long preganglionic & short postganglionic

42. sympathetic fiber length

    short preganglionic & long postganglionic

43. parasympathetic ganglia location

    near visceral effector organ

44. sympathetic ganglia location

    close to spinal cord

45. Overlapping functions of nervous system

    Sensory Input: Sensory receptors gather information from stimulus Integration: Processes, interprets, and makes decisions Motor Output: Dictates response via activating effector organs

46. Central nervous system components

    Brain and spinal cord

47. Peripheral nervous system components

    Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia

48. Divisions of the PNS

    Sensory (Afferent) Divisions: Carries signals from receptors to the CNS, divided into somatic sensory and visceral sensory Motor (Efferent) Divisions: Signals are carried away from the CNS to effector organs, divided into somatic motor division and visceral motor division (ANS)

49. sympathetic division

    ORIGIN: thoracic & lumbar region SPINAL CORD: T1 - L2 preganglionic bodies in lateral horn 22-24 chains of sympathetic trunk (chain) ganglia

50. Sympathetic division of ANS

    Increases heart rate and respiration Inhibits digestive and urinary systems

51. Parasympathetic division of ANS

    Slows heart rate and breathing Stimulates digestive and urinary systems

52. communicating rami

    2 branches that connect sympathetic ganglion

53. white communicating ramus

    where preganglionic fibers travel from spinal nerve to ganglion

54. grey communicating ramus

    where postganglionic fibers leave ganglion postG extend rest of way to target organ

55. adrenal gland location

    superior aspect of kidney

56. what is the internal portion of the adrenal gland?

    adrenal medulla (SNS)

57. Multipolar Neuron

    Numerous dendrites and one axon, Most neurons of the CNS

58. adrenal medulla

    modified postganglionic neuron (no fibers) preganglionic sympathetic neurons stimulate 2 excitatory hormones secreted epinephrine norepinephrine

59. Bipolar Neuron

    One axon and one (fused) dendrite Rare neurons found in some special sensory organs (olfactory, retina, inner ear)

60. Unipolar (Psuedounipolar) Neuron

    Possesses one short, single process that is split into 2 regions Sensory neurons

61. Anaxonic Neuron

    Numerous dendrites, no axon Brain, retina, adrenal glands

62. what levels of the CNS regulate the ANS?

    cerebral cortex - emotional response hypothalamus - visceral motor ctrl midbrain, pons, & medulla oblongata - cardiac, vasomotor, salivation, swallowing, sweating, bladder ctrl., pupils spinal cord reflexes - defecation & urination

63. Neuroglia

    Outnumber neurons 10:1 Supportive Roles: Protect neurons and help them function Bind neurons together and form framework for nervous tissue Prevent neurons from touching each other In fetus, guide migrating neurons to their destination

64. Oligodendrocytes

    Type of neuroglia in CNS Arm-like processes that wrap around nerve fibers Form myelin sheaths in CNS that speed signal conduction

65. Nerve VII #7 ATTACHMENT? FUNCTION?

    facial nerve ATTACHMENT: pons FUNCTION: mixed SOMATIC MOTOR: innervates facial muscles VISCERAL MOTOR: innervates glands VISCERAL SENSORY: taste, anterior 2/3 of tongue

66. Ependymal Cells

    Type of neuroglia in CNS Similiar to cuboidal epithelium with cilia on apical surface Line internal cavities of the brain; secrete and circulate CSF

67. Microglia

    Type of neuroglia in CNS Develop from WBCs Wander through CNS looking for debris and damage

68. Nerve VIII #8 ATTACHMENT? FUNCTION?

    vestibulocochlear nerve ATTACHMENT: medulla (near pons/medulla junction) FUNCTION: sensory SOMATIC SENSORY: hearing/equilibrium

69. Astrocytes

    Type of neuroglia in CNS Most abundant glial cells in CNS Cover brain surface and most non-synaptic regions of neurons in the gray matter Functions: Form supportive framework Role in blood-brain barrier Convert glucose to lactase for fuel Secrete nerve growth factors Communicate electrically with neurons Absorb excess neurotransmitters and ions

70. Nerve IX #9 ATTACHMENT? FUNCTION?

    glossopharyngeal nerve ATTACHMENT: medulla FUNCTION: mixed SOMATIC MOTOR: muscles of mastication for swallowing VISCERAL MOTOR: parotid gland VISCERAL SENSORY: taste, posterior 1/3 of tongue

71. Schwann cells

    Type of neuroglia in PNS Envelope nerve fibers Produce a myelin sheath Assist in regeneration of damaged fibers

72. Satellite cells

    Type of neuroglia in PNS Surround the somas in ganglia Provide electrical insulation around the somas Regulate the chemical environment of the neurons

73. Nerve X #10 ATTACHMENT? FUNCTION?

    vagus nerve ATTACHMENT: medulla FUNCTION: mixed SOMATIC MOTOR: larynx & pharynx VISCERAL MOTOR: heart, lungs, abdominal VISCERAL SENSORY: thoracic & abdominal sensory

74. Neurilemma

    Thick, outmost coil of myelin sheath Contains nucleus and most of the cell's cytoplasm

75. Nerve XI #11 ATTACHMENT? FUNCTION?

    accessory nerve ATTACHMENT: C1-C5 (cranial root) FUNCTION: motor SOMATIC MOTOR: trapezius & sternocleidomastoid

76. Basal Lamina

    External to neurilemma

77. Endoneurium

    External to neurilemma and basal lamina Thin layer of fibrous connective tissue

78. which cranial nerves attach to the forebrain?

    cranial nerves 1 and 2

79. Myelin Sheath

    Internodes: myelin-covered segments Nodes of Ranvier: Gap between internodes Initial segment: Short section of fiber between the axon hillock and the first glial cells Trigger zone: Axon hillock + Initial segment Play an important role in initiating a nerve signal

80. Conduction speed of nerve fibers depends on

    Diameter of fiber: Larger fibers have more surface area nad conduct signals more rapidly Presence or absence of myelin: Myelin speeds signal conduction

81. which cranial nerves are sensory? list the numbers (not roman numerals)

    1, 2, 8

82. which cranial nerves are motor? list the numbers (not roman numerals)

    3, 4, 6, 11, 12

83. which cranial nerves are mixed? list the numbers (not roman numerals)

    5, 7, 9, 10

84. Nerve I #1 ATTACHMENT? FUNCTION?

    olfactory nerve ATTACHMENT: temporal lobe (receptors in nasal cavity) FUNCTION: sensory VISCERAL SENSORY: smell

85. Nerve II #2 ATTACHMENT? FUNCTION?

    optic nerve ATTACHMENT: occipital lobe (receptors in retina) FUNCTION: sensory SOMATIC SENSORY: vision

86. Nerve III #3 ATTACHMENT? FUNCTION?

    oculomotor nerve ATTACHMENT: midbrain FUNCTION: motor SOMATIC MOTOR: 4 eye muscles VISCERAL MOTOR: iris (constrict pupils) & lens shape

87. Nerve IV #4 ATTACHMENT? FUNCTION?

    trochlear nerve ATTACHMENT: midbrain FUNCTION: motor SOMATIC MOTOR: eye muscle (superior oblique muscle)

88. Nerve V #5 ATTACHMENT? FUNCTION?

    trigeminal nerve ATTACHMENT: pons FUNCTION: mixed SOMATIC SENSORY: face sensation SOMATIC MOTOR: muscles of mastication (chewing)

89. how many pairs of spinal nerve are there?

    31

90. Resting membrane potential (RMP)

    Measurable difference in voltage across the cell membrane in a resting cell -70 mV in neuron

91. how many cervical spinal nerves?

    8 cervical (C1-C8) first one exits between skull and atlas other exit at intervertebral foramina

92. Influences of RMP

    Some Na+ leakage into cell Na+/K+ pump: Moves 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ that brings in

93. how many thoracic spinal nerves?

    12 thoracic (T1-T12)

94. how many lumbar spinal nerves?

    5 lumbar (L1-L5)

95. how many sacral spinal nerves?

    5 sacral (S1-S5)

96. how many coccygeal spinal nerves?

    1 coccygeal (Co1)

97. cervical plexus spinal numbers

    C1-C5

98. Local (graded) potentials

    Small, brief changes in membrane potential Graded: vary in magnitude with stimulus strength Decremental: get weaker the farther they spread from the point of stimulation Reversible: if stimulation ceases, the cell quickly returns to its normal resting potential

99. brachial plexus spinal numbers

    C5-T1

100. sacral plexus spinal numbers

     L4-S4