9th Grade Biology

46 flashcards · Biology · by Ben Heller

1. the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules. Some intracellular organelles, such the nucleus and mitochondria, are enclosed by membranes that separate them from the _________.

   Cytoplasm

2. The smallest unit of life that can live on its own and makes up all living organisms and tissues of the body

   Cell

3. __________ is a continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Has multiple function but it is particularly important in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins

   Endoplasmic Reticulum

4. a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells and Rough ER. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins

5. is a cell organelle composed of stacked membranes hat helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell

   Golgi apparatus

6. a small structure within a cell, consisting of fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer. _________ form naturally during the processes of secretion (exocytosis), uptake (phagocytosis) and transport of materials within the cytoplasm. ... __________ can also fuse with other organelles within the cell

7. is a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. ________ are involved with various cell processes. They break down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria

   lysosome

8. is an organelle found in both animal cells and plant cells. The main function of the _________ is to make cellular products like hormones and lipids. It also distributes those products throughout the cell and to places in the organism. The _________ also regulates and releases calcium ions and processes toxins

   Smooth ER

9. is a sub-unit within a cell that has a specialized function

   organelle

10. is found in the middle of the cells, and it contains DNA arranged in chromosomes. It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope, a double nuclear membrane (outer and inner), which separates the ___________ from the cytoplasm

    Nucleus

11. an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae)

    Mitochondria

12. the fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane and results in the discharge of vesicle content into the extracellular space and the incorporation of new proteins and lipids into the plasma membrane

    Exocytosis

13. Sodium potassium pump

14. a compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue. The breakage of one phosphate linkage (to form adenosine diphosphate, ADP ) provides energy for physiological processes such as muscular contraction

    ATP, Adenosine Triphosphate

15. is defined as movement of a solute from a region of high electrochemical potential on one side of the cell membrane to a region of lower electrochemical potential on the opposite side

    Passive Transport

16. is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. _____________ requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.

    Active Transport

17. passive movement of molecules or particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

    Diffusion

18. a plant that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel. The ______________ are a large group and include herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses, and most trees.

    Angiosperms

19. are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope

    Eukaryote

20. a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. __________ include the bacteria and cyanobacteria.

    Prokaryote

21. is a structural layer surrounding some cells such as bacteria and plant cells just outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism

    Cell Wall

22. an insoluble substance which is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers

    cellulose

23. a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place

    Chloroplast

24. large, membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells that act as a storage space for water and other molecules in the cell. A fluid-filled central vacuole exerts pressure on the surrounding components of the cell and the cell wall.

    Central Vacuole

25. each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana

    Thylakoids

26. (or water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase) is the first protein complex in the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. It is located in the thylakoid membrane of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

    Photosystem II, PSII, plastoquinone oxidoreductase

27. The protein within the thylakoid membrane that acts as an intermediary between PSII and PSI. It moves a hydrogen from the stroma to the lumen of the thylakoid

    Cytochrome complex

28. is an essential electron donor in all organisms. It provides the reducing power that drives numerous anabolic reactions, including those responsible for the biosynthesis of all major cell components and many products in biotechnology

    NADPH, Reduced Nicotinamide adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate

29. is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 2 reduced ferredoxin + NADP+ + H+ —-> 2 oxidized ferredoxin + NADPH

    Ferredoxin NADP+ Reductase, FNR

30. is a protein that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (P)

    ATP Synthase

31. The space outside of the thylakoid but inside of the chloroplast where the Calvin Cycle takes place

    Stroma

32. is a molecule produced by plants, algae and cyanobacteria which aids in the conversion of light energy into chemical bonds. ... Pigments produce a variety of colors in the plant and animal world. _________ is a green pigment, and is responsible for the green color of plants and algae

    Chlorophyll

33. The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. This is the word used to describe the inside of the Thylakoid where concentration gradients are built up and chlorophyll is held

    Lumen

34. process that plants and algae use to turn carbon dioxide from the air into sugar, the food autotrophs need to grow. ... The _____________ has four main steps: carbon fixation, reduction phase, carbohydrate formation, and regeneration phase

    Calvin Cycle

35. an enzyme present in plant chloroplasts, involved in fixing atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and in oxygenation of the resulting compound during photorespiration.

    Rubisco-Ribulose 1, 5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase

36. is an organic substance that is involved in photosynthesis, notably as the principal CO2 acceptor in plants in the Calvin Cycle

    Ribulose Bisphosphate

37. is the metabolite that occurs as an intermediate in several central pathways of all organisms. It is the primary product of the Calvin Cycle 2 ______ molecules can be combined to make a a glucose molecule in the case of plants performing photosynthesis

    G3P, Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate

38. Plants use the energy of the sun to change water and carbon dioxide into a sugar called _______. ________ is used by plants for energy and to make other substances like cellulose and starch. Cellulose is used in building cell walls. Starch is stored in seeds and other plant parts as a food source. _________ is a sugar and therefore a carbohydrate

    Glucose

39. the branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures

    Morphology

40. is the branch of biology relating to the function of organs and organ systems, and how they work within the body to respond to challenges

    Physiology

41. a scientist who studies the behavior of animals in their natural environment

    Ethologist

42. In regards to animal behavior, it answers the two questions of what stimulus instigates a behavior and what does an animal’s body do in response to that stimulus

    Proximate causes

43. In regards to animal behavior, it answers the two questions of what about this behavior helps this animal survive and how the trait is passed on to the next generation

    Ultimate Causes

44. A form of natural selection in which, according to Darwin’s theory, the male or female is attracted by certain characteristics, form, color, behaviour, etc., in the opposite sex; thus modifications of a special nature are brought about in the species

    Sexual Selection

45. The sweet spot in which an animal exploits its food source while using the least amount of energy

    Optimal Foraging Theory

46. refers to a critical period of time early in an animal's life when it forms attachments and develops a concept of its own identity. Birds and mammals are born with a pre-programmed drive to _______ onto their mother

    Imprinting