Scattergood Bio 2021-2022

116 flashcards · Other · by Ben Heller

1. The end product of glycolysis, 3 carbon molecule

   pyruvate

2. The process in which cells obtain their energy from sugar in the form of ATP

   Cellular Respiration

3. simple sugar compound, main energy source of ATP

   Glucose

4. First step of Cellular Respiration, it is the splitting of Glucose, takes place in cytoplasm

   Glycolysis

5. Second step of Cellular Respiration, takes place in Mitochondria, main product is NADH

   Kreb's Cycle

6. 3rd step in cellular respiration, produces the most ATP, takes place in Mitochondria membrane

   Electron Transport Chain

7. This takes place after glycolysis if no oxygen is present, produces lactic acid and tiny bit of energy

   Fermentation

8. Energy holder of a sort, it is intermediary product of cellular respiration, holds two electrons and a Hydrogen that can be donated easily

   NADH, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

9. Instructions for Life, inside of nucleus, double helix

   DNA

10. humans have 23 pairs, yarn-like ball of DNA and proteins

    Chromosomes

11. DNA-like with single strand, copy of the "recipe" of life

    RNA

12. Base pair in DNA, pairs with Adenine

    Thymine

13. base pair in DNA, pairs with Thymine

    Adenine

14. base pair in DNA, pairs with Guanine

    Cytosine

15. base pair in DNA, pairs with Cytosine

    Guanine

16. base pair in RNA, pairs with Adenine, replaces Thymine

    Uracil

17. Cuts and opens up DNA for replication, step 1 of DNA replication, is an enzyme

    DNA Helicase

18. Enzyme, adds base pairs during DNA replication, works from 5’ to 3’, step number 3

    DNA Polymerase I

19. Adds primer during DNA replication, enzyme, step number 2

    RNA Primase

20. Step 5 in DNA replication, sews DNA parts together, especially Okazaki fragments

    DNA Ligase

21. Short sequences of DNA on lagging strand, caused by DNA polymerase having to work from 5’-3’, lots of RNA primers

    Okazaki Fragments

22. Step 4 in DNA replication, pulls out and replaces RNA primers with DNA base pairs

    DNA Polymerase II

23. Bookmark to start RNA copy

    Promoter for RNA transcription

24. Copy machine to make rRNA from DNA

    RNA polymerase

25. Copied part of DNA, instructions for specific job

    Messenger RNA (mRNA)

26. Cuts out introns from mRNA

    RNA Splicing

27. Useless information of RNA copy

    Introns

28. Important instructions within RNA that is kept during splicing

    Exon

29. Has anticodon, brings the amino acid

    Transfer RNA, tRNA

30. RNA that makes up Ribosomes

    rRNA

31. Three RNA base pairs, opposite of Anticodon, on mRNA

    Triplet Codon

32. Opposite of Triplet Codon, on tRNA

    Anticodon

33. The passing of traits from parents to offspring

    Heredity

34. Section of DNA that determines trait

    Gene

35. Version of a gene

    Allele

36. Sex cells, half set of chromosomes

    Gamete

37. Non-sex cell, full set of chromosomes

    Somatic Cells

38. Only one set of chromosomes

    Haploid

39. 2 sets of chromosomes

    Diploid

40. The allele that can take over,

    Dominant allele

41. The allele that is masked by the dominant

    Recessive allele

42. When an individual has one of each type of allele

    Heterozygous

43. When an individual has two of the same allele

    Homozygous

44. The trait that is actually expressed

    Phenotype

45. Cell division, cloning, exact replication

    Mitosis

46. Phase in which DNA coiled together, cell is just living its life, business as usual

    Interphase

47. 1st phase of Mitosis, Duplicating Chromosomes

    Prophase

48. 2nd phase of Mitosis, Chromosomes line up in the middle

    Metaphase

49. 3rd phase of Mitosis, Chromatids are pulled apart

    Anaphase

50. 4th phase of Mitosis, right before split into two identical cells

    Telophase

51. Duplicated arm of chromosome that is pulled away from its pair during Mitosis

    Chromatid

52. Mitosis for making unique Sex Cells

    Meiosis

53. Swapping of DNA between Chromosomes, takes place in Meiosis

    Crossover and Homologous Recombination

54. Skin, slippery slidey, tissue lining between body and outside

    Epithelial Tissue

55. Bind things together, ligaments, defined by extracellular matrix

    Connective Tissue

56. Rope-like tissue, strong, movement, actin and myosin

    Muscle Tissue

57. Tissue that sends messages to and from the brain/spinal cord

    Nerve Tissue

58. Sponges, 1 germ layer, can’t move, filter food

    Phylum Porifera

59. 2 germ layers, digestive system with butt and mouth being the same, corals, jellyfish, and hydras

    Phylum Cnidaria

60. Clams, snails, squids, and others, have a true coelom, muscular foot.

    Phylum Mollusca

61. Phylum meaning little rings, leeches, earthworms, lugworms

    Phylum Annelida

62. Part of the Phylum Arthropoda, lobsters, shrimps, crabs, most live in ocean,

    Subphylum Crustacea

63. Part of the Phylum Arthropoda, 6 legs, antenna, compound eyes, insects,

    Subphylum Hexapoda

64. Part of the Phylum Arthropoda, many legs, centipedes, millipedes

    Subphylum Myriapoda

65. Part of the Phylum Arthropoda, spiders, scorpions, and ticks, 8 legs, simple eyes, carnivores

    Subphylum Cheliceriformes

66. Phylum with segmented bodies (head, abdomen, thorax), jointed appendages, exoskeleton

    Phylum Arthropoda

67. Most complex Phylum within Animalia, similarities based on spinal chord

    Phylum Chordata

68. Subphyla within Chordata with a backbone

    Subphylum Vertebrata

69. Specialized cell within nervous system that passes on signals, has dendrites and an axon

    Neuron

70. Long part of a neuron, passes along message over myelin from Node of Ranvier to Node of Ranvier

    Axon

71. Motor nerve, takes instructions from brain or spinal cord

    Efferent Nerve

72. Sensory nerve, receives information and sends it to the brain and/or spinal cord

    Afferent Nerve

73. Pathways of neurons that send electrochemical messages

    Nerve

74. Muscle that causes lungs to inflate when the muscle contracts and shrink when the muscle expands

    Diaphragm

75. Veins and capillaries exchange CO2 for O2 in the lungs at this tiny “stress ball-like objects with a net”

    Alveoli

76. Sacs filled with alveoli that inflate to take in O2 and expel CO2

    Lungs

77. Windpipe, tube breaking off from larynx, its for respiration, it is not the esophagus

    Trachea

78. Chambered (4 for humans) pump for blood

    Heart

79. Vessels that carry blood away from the heart, usually full of oxygen except for the ones going to the lungs

    Arteries

80. Vessels that carry blood back to the heart, usually low in oxygen and therefore represented as blue, except for the ones going to the lungs

    Veins

81. This system in the body circulates oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart to the body’s cells and then in the opposite order for carbon dioxide

    Circulatory System

82. Release bile into the small intestine to break down fat

    Gallbladder

83. Velvety “hair” inside small intestine that take up nutrients

    Villi

84. Fluid that breaks down food in stomach; it’s made up of Hydrochloric Acid, Mucus, Water, and Pepsin

    Gastric Juice

85. Covered in villi that intake the nutrients; super long; comes right after the stomach in the digestive tract

    Small Intestine

86. Pipe down to the stomach for food, uses wave-like motion to move the food down

    Esophagus

87. This system, not organ, filters blood and disposes of it. It is also called the Urinary system

    Excretory system

88. Mango-sized, control blood pressure, main part of urinary system, filter blood

    Kidney

89. Filtering tubes within the kidney

    Nephrons

90. Holds the urine after it has been filtered by the kidney until the pee is disposed of

    Bladder

91. The tube that empties the urine from the bladder

    Urethra

92. The process of building bone

    Ossification

93. The soft substance in the middle of the bone which produces blood cells

    Marrow

94. Muscle that moves bones, meat

    Skeletal Muscle

95. Muscle that moves blood and food through the body

    Smooth Muscle

96. Protein in muscle cells, accepts myosin head

    Actin

97. Protein in muscle cells that attaches onto actin to contract muscle

    Myosin

98. Two proteins in muscle cells that prevent bonding of myosin to actin

    Troponin and Tropomyosin

99. The immune system we are born with, indiscriminately prevents and kills invaders

    Innate Immune System

100. White blood cells, swallow up invaders and digest them

     Leukocytes