T-1 Nav Check GK

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167 flashcards · Other · by Samuel Zhang

1. Crew rest requirements AFMAN11-202V3 3.1

   12 hours crew rest with opportunity for 8 hours of uninterrupted sleep required before flight duty period.

2. Flight Duty Period (FDP) AFMAN11-202V3 3.2

   FDP begins when aircrew member first reports for official duty and ends at final engine shutdown after the final flight of the completed mission. Can be extended by 2 hrs max to compensate for unplanned mission delays.

3. Aircraft lighting requirements AFMAN11-202V3 3.22

   Position lights: must be on between sunset and sunrise whenever aircraft is in movement (Exception: turn on as soon as able if power isn't available) Anti-collision or strobe lights: must be on prior to engine start and after engine shutdown (Exception: turn on as soon as able if power isn't available) Landing lights: must be on when taking active runway and up to 10,000' MSL. Turn off when exiting active runway. (Exception: safety situations or based on MAJCOM jurisdiction)

4. Right of way rules AFMAN11-202V3 3.24

   DC SHOE (technique): D - Distress (Aircraft in distress have top priority) C - Categories * S - Same category (When same category aircraft are converging, right most aircraft has priority) H - Head on (If aircraft are approaching head-on, alter course right) O - Overtaken (Overtaken aircraft has right-of-way, overtaking aircraft shall alter course to the right) E - Established on final (Aircraft on final has right of way. If multiple on final, lowest altitude has priority) *Aircraft category pr…

5. See and Avoid guidance AFMAN11-202V3 3.25

   When weather conditions permit, see and avoid other aircraft regardless of whether IFR or VFR

6. Descent gradient guidance AFMAN11-202V3 3.27

   Descent gradients >10° below 15,000' AGL in IMC may induce spatial disorientation and reduce reaction time. TLDR; Don't dive-and-drive in IMC

7. Airspeed adjustments AFMAN11-202V3 3.28

   If ATC gives you a speed, you can legally be within ±10 kts (0.02 Mach)

8. Communication equipment (emergencies) AFMAN11-202V3 3.33

   At least one crew member will monitor an emergency frequency at all times as conditions permit. Guard frequencies: UHF: 243 VHF: 121.5 (it's half)

9. Transponder operations AFMAN11-202V3 3.35

10. TCAS Operations AFMAN11-202V3 3.37

    Use TCAS mode that provides both traffic advisories (TA) and resolution advisories (RA) Do not deviate from ATC assigned clearance for TAs Always respond to RAs unless doing so clearly jeopardizes safety of flight Alter flight path only to the extant necessary for RAs (notify ATC afterwards, then return to previous clearance or receive a new one)

11. Terrain Awareness and Warning Systems (TAWS) AFMAN11-202V3 3.39

    Comply with Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) unless in VMC and can visually confirm terrain/obstacles

12. Simulated Emergency Flight AFMAN11-202V3 3.47

    Terminate if actual emergency situation occurs Multi-pilot day IMC requires circling mins for approaches Multi-pilot night requires higher of circling mins or 1000-2 for approaches Letter of Agreement (LOA) required from facility air traffic managers

13. Filing and Closing Flight Plans AFMAN11-202V3 4.5

    File in accordance with FLIP General Planning or MAJCOM guidance NTAs or closed airports will not close your IFR flight plan. Contact an FSS, military home station, or ATC VFR flight plans are not closed upon landing unless at a military base

14. Mission Planning Requirements AFMAN11-202V3 4.6

    RATPAWNTT (technique): R - Runway (Dimensions, condition, weight limit, DD, IFR Sup, RCAM (IFG 1-17)) A - Approach (Useable types, plates, minimums, runways) T - Tower (Tower or NTA, hours of operation, fueling, AETC Sup 4.7.1) P - P-field (TIME WAC) A - Alternate (Do we need one, and how does it affect fuel) W - Weather/Winds (Minimums, winds, active runway) N - NOTAMS (DAIP or contact airfield) T - Trouble T (Takeoff mins, ODPs, etc ) T - TOLD (Takeoff, touch and go, landings) *Airfield Suita…

15. P-field usage AFMAN11-202V3 4.7

    You can file to or land USAF aircraft at US civil public airports (P-fields) when: TIME WAC (technique): T - Tenant unit (ANG, US Coast Guard) I - Interceptor M - MAJCOM approval E - Emergency W - Wing CC or higher approval with airport manager permission A - Alternate required with no other suitable options C - C Coded (C-17, C-130, etc) or helicopter

16. Weather information priorities AFMAN11-202V3 4.10

    My ROOF (technique) M - MAJCOM approved weather source R - Regional operational weather squadron (OWS) O - Other DoD weather service O - Other US Government weather service F - Foreign civil or military weather service Must use Runway Visual Range (RVR) readings if provided METAR or TAF.

17. NTA Operations

    LIDS-LLC-023333 (technique): L - Left hand pattern I - IP required D - Daytime VFR 2000-3 S - Single ship L - LOA required for touch and go's L - Low approaches only C - CTAF/Comms 0 - zero overheads 2 - 200 knots max 3 - 3 aircraft max 3 - 300 ft before pattern altitude you can turn closed 3 - equal to or greater than 3000' ceiling 3 - equal to or greater than 3 sm visibility

18. Runway Visual Range (RVR) conversions AFMAN11-202V3 Table 4.1

    Use next highest value if in between, do not interpolate:

19. Performance-Based Navigation guidance AFMAN11-202V3 4.13

    Do not execute PBN operations (airspace, routes, procedures) without operational approval. T-1 is not compatible

20. GPS approach required items to check AFMAN11-202V3 4.10

    DRCANS (technique): D - DME (± 0.1 nm) R - RAIM (± 10 min of arrival) C - Course (± 5°) A - Altitude (exact) N - Names (exact) S - Sequence (correct) Approach must be discontinued if requirements not met

21. RNAV Substitution vs Alternate AFMAN11-202V3 4.13.13.1

    Substitution: Use RNAV system in lieu of out-of-service conventional NAVAIDs Alternate: Use RNAV system in lieu of operational conventional NAVAIDs without monitoring

22. Suitable use of RNAV systems AFMAN11-202V3 4.13.13.3

    Determine position relative to a conventional NAVAID Navigate to or from a conventional NAVAID Hold over conventional NAVAID or DME Fly an arc based on DME

23. Prohibited use of RNAV systems AFMAN11-202V3 4.13.13.4

    Substituting for course on final segment of VOR/TACAN/NDB Substituting for course on localizers Navigation with DME/DME/IRU systems Procedure identified as "NA" (Not Authorized)

24. PBN Alternate Airfield Considerations AFMAN11-202V3 4.17

    Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) SBAS equipped aircraft: can file destinations and alternates with only GNSS IAPs Non SBAS with FDE: can file destinations OR alternates with GNSS IAPs, but not both. Must do RAIM check, have proper knowledge/training, and get approval. (T-1s here) Non SBAS without FDE: cannot file alternates with only GNSS IAPs

25. Departing IFR flight AFMAN11-202V3 4.15

    Do not depart IFR unless weather conditions at the destination ±1 hr of the ETA is at or above the lowest compatible approach minimums excluding TEMPO lines* *Exception: Straight-in or sidesteps require visibility minimums Circling approach require ceiling and visibility minimums

26. When an alternate is required (202V3) AFMAN11-202V3 4.16 AFMAN11-202V3 AETCSUP 4.16.2.4-5

    1-2-3-TAC-R (technique): 1 - ±1 hour 2 - 2,000' AGL 3 - 3 statute miles T - Tempo lines included A - Approaches compatible at destination C - Crosswinds out of limits R - RVSM required to get there (AETC SUP)

27. When should you consider needing an alternate according to AETC? AFMAN11-202V3 AETCSUP 4.16.2.5

    15/3 GUNR (technique): 15/3 - Approach mins greater than 1500/3 G - GPS required U - Unmonitored NAVAIDs N - No weather reporting R - Radar required

28. What disqualifies an alternate? AFMAN11-202V3 4.16.5 AFMAN11-202V3 AETCSUP 4.16.2.5

    WWWNNNRR (technique): W - Weather below 1000-2 / 500-1 W - Weather reporting unavailable W - Winds out of limits (AETC SUP) N - NAVAIDS unmonitored N - NA (Alternate Not Authorized) N - Notes (IFR Alternate Minimums) R - RVSM required (AETC SUP) R - RNAV only

29. Weather minimums for disqualifying alternates AFMAN11-202V3 4.16.5 AFMAN11-202V3 AETCSUP 4.16.2.5

    To select an alternate, weather within ±1 hr including TEMPO lines must be AT OR ABOVE: 1,000' AGL or 500' above the lowest compatible approach ceiling, whichever is greater 2 sm or 1 sm above the lowest compatible approach visibility, whichever is greater

30. Use of IFR Alternate Minimums AFMAN11-202V3 4.18

    Minimums do not apply to AF pilots, but disqualifying notes do. (ex. "NA when local weather not available", "NA when control tower closed")

31. VFR flight guidance AFMAN11-202V3 4.19

    Don't fly VFR if visibility and cloud clearances not met Don't fly VFR if within lateral boundaries of airspace that reaches the ground if ceiling < 1,000' VFR flight plans not automatically closed upon landing. Close to prevent unnecessary SAR If unable to maintain VFR, coordinate IFR clearance and cancel VFR flight plan

32. VFR visibility and cloud clearance (NAS) AFMAN11-202V3 Table 12.1

    Class A: N/A Class B: 3 SM clear of clouds Class C/D: "3-152" 3 SM visibility 1,000' above clouds 500' below clouds 2,000' horizontal Class E/G ≥ 10,000' MSL: "F-111" 5 SM visibility 1,000' above clouds 1,000' below clouds 1 SM horizontal G < 10,000' MSL: The memory aid from the YT video is a useful summary. The class G clearance <1,200' AGL is the most important because it's very unlikely to be in class G above that. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T83c6MYztd4&t=6s 12:52

33. VFR cruising altitudes AFMAN11-202V3 4.38, 12.3

    Operated above 3,000' AGL NEodd SWeven: 0-179° odd altitude + 500' 180-359° even altitude + 500' (NAS) Doesn't apply when turning or holding for 2 min or less

34. VFR Flight Following AFMAN11-202V3 4.37

    ATC will provide IFR separation. Available upon request and ATC workload/equipment permitting. Ultimate traffic separation responsibility remains with the pilot

35. Fuel requirements AFMAN11-202V3 4.20

    Enough fuel to land at either destination or alternate (if required) plus fuel reserves (700lb) When an alternate is required: Fuel for approach and missed approach required if only using visibility weather criteria Fuel for approach required if using both visibility and ceiling criteria Ensure aircraft carries enough fuel to extend flight time between refueling points by 10% (up to 45 min) or for 20 minutes, whichever is greater T-1 burns ~20/lb/min 4800 lb = 240 min (4 hr) 10% of 240 min = 24…

36. Preflight Briefing AFMAN11-202V3 4.21

    Emergency signals and procedures Passenger flight equipment (emergency exits, parachutes, oxygen, comms, survival) Safety precautions and restrictions (FOD, electronic devices) All handles and switches for qualified aircrew use only TLDR; read TO 1T-1A-1CL-1 N-20

37. Aircraft approach categories AFMAN11-202V3 4.22

    Vso x 1.3 or Vslg x 1.23 whichever is greater

38. Two way radio contact AFMAN11-202V3 4.24 AIM 3-2-4

    Two way radio contact means ATC must acknowledge aircraft with callsign. "Rake 69, standby" counts. "Aircraft calling approach, standby" would not count.

39. VFR chart symbols

    Foreflight >> FAA >> VFR Chart Legend

40. IFR low symbols

    Foreflight >> FAA >> IFR Low Legend

41. Airspace

    Equipment: B: Transponder mode C with ADS-B out C: Transponder mode C with ADS-B out D: none E (10,000' MSL+): Transponder mode C with ADS-B out G: none Generalizations: B: up to 10,000' MSL C: surface - 4,000' AGL, 5 nm ring; 1,200' AGL - 4,000' AGL, 10 nm ring D: surface - 2,500' AGL, 5 nm ring E: everything else G: blanket up to 700' AGL or 1,200' AGL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T83c6MYztd4

42. Prohibited areas FAA-H-8083-15B 1-2

    Flight of aircraft prohibited. Established for security or national welfare. Depicted with "P".

43. Restricted areas FAA-H-8083-15B 1-2

    Hazardous to non-participating aircraft (artillery, missiles, etc). Need clearance to enter when active, may be allowed to enter without clearance if not active. Depicted with "R".

44. Danger areas / Warning areas (NAS) FAA-H-8083-15B 1-4

    Similar to restricted areas but US government does not have sole jurisdiction. Extends 12 nm from coast of US. Depicted with "W".

45. Alert areas FAA-H-8083-15B 1-4

    High volume of pilot training in area. All pilots in the area (participating in training or not) are responsible for collision avoidance. Depicted with "A".

46. Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) AFMAN11-202V3 4.28

    Between FL290 and FL410 inclusive, ATC separates aircraft by minimum of 1,000' vertically. Non-Aircrew and aircraft certification required. Non-RVSM aircraft are allowed to enter on a workload permitting basis and are separated by 2,000'. T-1 is not RVSM-certified.

47. Level-off practices AFMAN11-202V3 4.30

    Limit VSI to 1,500 fpm or less within 1,000' of level off altitude to prevent unnecessary RAs.

48. Air traffic services AFMAN11-202V3 4.31

    ATC services Area control service (ex. Houston Center) Approach control services (ex. Del Rio Approach) Aerodrome control service (ex. Laughlin Tower) Flight information service: provides advice and info Alerting service: coordinates search and rescue efforts

49. Flight Service Station (FSS) AFMAN11-202V3 4.33

    Air traffic facility which provides preflight briefings, flight plan processing, enroute flight advisories, SAR services, assistance to lost aircraft and aircraft in emergencies. Can also relay ATC clearances, process NOTAMs, broadcast aviation weather/info, and advise trans-border flights. Can be reached at 1-800-WX-BRIEF

50. Declared Distances AFMAN11-202V3 4.46

    Takeoff run available (TORA) Takeoff distance available (TODA) (We don't use this one, think TODAlly useless) Accelerate-stop distance available (ASDA) Landing distance available (LDA)

51. Departure Cold Weather Temperature Corrections AFMAN11-202V3 4.51 FIH D-15 (Correction table)

    When departing an aerodrome with a temperature of 0° C or less, aircrew will temperature correct all altitudes to a temperature corrected MSA. This includes the 400ft above DER ATC-assigned altitudes will not be temperature corrected Radar vectoring altitudes may/may not be temperature corrected, query or refuse if in doubt EXAMPLE: Temp: -25° C MDA: 1,300' MSL HAT/HAA: 389' Correction: 389' -> 400' = 70 New MDA: 1,300' + 70' = 1,370' MSL

52. Approach Cold Weather Temperature Corrections AFMAN11-202V3 Table 4.4

53. When can you takeoff? AFMAN11-202V3 5.2

    Weather must be at or above the lowest compatible approach minimums (usually ILS). MAJCOM may publish alternate takeoff mins and recovery procedures when takeoff weather is lower than published lowest compatible approach mins. Takeoff visibility must be 600 RVR (180 meters) or greater. Do not takeoff where there there are hazardous weather conditions (thunderstorms, hail, windshear, etc) unless the runway and flight path are clear of hazards. Do not take off with ice, snow, frost, or other cont…

54. VFR departure AFMAN11-202V3 5.6-7

    Pilots must "see and avoid" obstacles and terrain during VFR departures. Must comply with ATC instructions when participating in radar services or flight following.

55. Departing IFR AFMAN11-202V3 5.8

    Must meet or 3.3% (200 ft/nm) or published climb gradient, whichever is higher with all engines operating to en route structure or minimum IFR altitude within the en route structure

56. IFR minimum turn altitude AFMAN11-202V3 5.8.1

    Minimum turn altitude of 400 ft above the DER elevation, unless required by a published procedure or ATC. This does NOT mean you have to be above the DER, just the DER elevation.

57. Do published procedures or ATC climb gradients account for low close-in obstacles? AFMAN11-202V3 5.8.2

    No, pilots must ensure aircraft can vertically or laterally clear applicable published low close-in obstacles along the planned ground track.

58. What are Low Close-in Obstacles? AFMAN11-202V3 5.14

    Obstacles that require a climb gradient greater than 200 ft/nm for a very short distance, only until aircraft is 200 feet above DER.

59. What are Takeoff Obstacle Notes? AFMAN11-202V3 5.13

    Obstacles within 3 SM of the DER that require a climb gradient of >200 ft/nm.

60. Multi-engine fixed-wing aircraft contingency procedures for an inoperative engine on take-off AFMAN11-202V3 5.8.3

    Meet published climb gradient or 200 ft/nm whichever is higher with one engine inoperative Plan to use a Special Departure Procedure (SDP) Ensure weather is above non-standard takeoff minimums to visually clear obstacles vertically or laterally If no other options are available, PIC may opt for the 48' option (152 ft/nm climb gradient)

61. IFR DER Crossing Restrictions AFMAN11-202V3 5.10

    Departure climb gradient begins at 0 feet above DER for the following: FAA and US Army hardened runways ≥6000 ft USAF and US Navy (unless otherwise specified) For FAA and US Army unhardened runways and runways <6000 ft, climb gradients begin at 0-35 feet. No consistent method to determine required DER crossing restrictions. When in doubt, cross DER at least 35 ft above DER elevation.

62. IFR Departure Methods AFMAN11-202V3 5.9

    ODD MISSS: O - Obstacle Departure Procedure D - Diverse Departure D - Diverse Vector Area (DVA) M - MAJCOM certified procedure I - ICAO Omnidirectional Departure S - Standard Instrument Departure (SID) S - Special Departure Procedure (SDP) S - Specific ATC Departure Instructions

63. What are Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODPs)? AFMAN11-202V3 5.12.3

    IFR departure procedures specifically designed for obstacle avoidance. ODPs are textually shown in the Trouble T. Graphical ODPs will have (OBSTACLE) in their title. Cannot be vectored off of an ODP or issued a lower altitude until at or above MVA or minimum IFR altitude ODP is cancelled once vectored

64. Types of ODPs AFMAN11-202V3 5.9

    RNAVS (this is a mnemonic, not to be confused with RNAV SIDs): R - Reduced Takeoff Runway Length (RTRL) Procedure N - Non-standard Takeoff Minimums (see and avoid) A - Any combination V - Visual Climb over Airport S - Specific Routing

65. Reduced Takeoff Runway Length Procedure (RTRL) AFMAN11-202V3 5.20

    An RTRL procedure requires an aircraft to lift off the runway at or prior to a specified distance from the DER. Can be created if all obstacles penetrate the OIS by 35 feet or less. If RTRL is greater than or equal to TOGR, fly standard with a climb gradient of 200 ft/nm

66. Non-standard IFR Takeoff Minimums AFMAN11-202V3 5.17

    Provided for pilots to "see and avoid" obstacles during departure when obstacles penetrate the 40:1 OIS within 3 SM from the DER. Weather must be equal to or better than the published ceiling and visibility to depart using non-standard IFR takeoff minimums and climb at 200 ft/nm or higher if published. Standard or published climb gradient does not provide vertical clearance from the controlling obstacle. A minimum climb gradient is published when obstacles penetrate the 40:1 OIS beyond 3SM from…

67. Visual Climb Over Airport (VCOA) AFMAN11-202V3 5.19

    Departure option for an IFR aircraft to visually conduct climbing turns over the airfield to the published "climb-to" altitude. Upon reaching this altitude, aircraft may proceed with the instrument portion of the departure. Obstacle-free flight path is not guaranteed during the visual portion. Meet or exceed standard or published climb gradient after reaching the published climb-to altitude within the VCA. This provides procedural obstacle clearance. Remain within the published visibility dista…

68. Diverse Departure AFMAN11-202V3 5.15

    Acceptable IFR departure if no obstacles other than low close-in obstacles penetrate the 40:1 OIS (152 ft/nm). Pilots cannot file or request with ATC. Expect to be "cleared on course". Do not fly DDs if the runway has a standalone graphic ODP or a published ODP in the Trouble T section of the terminal procedures publication. DD obstacle assessment area is limited to 25 nm from airfield in non-mountainous terrain and 46 nm in designated mountainous areas. Pilots are responsible for obstacles cle…

69. Types of SIDs AFMAN11-202V3 5.24

    MR VIC M - Military R - Radar or RNAV V - Vector I - ICAO C - Civil

70. Diverse Vector Area AFMAN11-202V3 5.22

    Allows radar vectors to be used in lieu of an ODP. Uses standard climb gradient unless otherwise specified. Headings assigned by ATC Climb gradients may be published following the specified departure procedure DoD installations not required to publish DVA info in terminal procedures publication Controllers required to provide climb gradient if higher than standard when issuing DVA clearance DVAs only valid when aircraft permitted to climb uninterrupted from DER to MIA/MVA or higher. ATC cannot…

71. MAJCOM Certified Departure AFMAN11-202V3 5.30

    MAJCOM may develop and authorize procedures for specific aircraft at specific locations. (Ex. TAELR/LAEKE/HJORN)

72. ICAO Omnidirectional Departure AFMAN11-202V3 5.16

    May only be flown when specifically published. Similar to a Diverse Departure but can be published even with OIS penetrations. Departure restrictions not published when obstacles do not penetrate 40:1 OIS and an additional 246 ft of required obstacle clearance exists. No track guidance provided, pilots may turn in any direction upon reaching 400 ft above DER. specifies 200 ft/nm to a higher altitude before turning if there are obstacles. Procedure may also identify sectors with different turnin…

73. Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs) AFMAN11-202V3 5.24

    Departure procedures at certain airfields to simplify clearances and assist workloads. Can be used by ATC facilities, military services, or other users to enhance operations. SIDs provide obstacle protection, but are not ODPs. They require ATC approval. Depicted by heavy black lines on SID route. NAS SID phraseology Note that simply "cleared" does not mean you can climb

74. Military SIDs AFMAN11-202V3 5.26

    Military SIDS within NAS may have obstacles charted to scale and provide a table with climb rate info. * = obstacle clearance climb rate † = ATC climb rate (ATC stabs you in the back †) Assume a climb rate is an obstacle clearance climb rate only if one climb rate is given

75. RNAV Departures (Not a type of departure) AFMAN11-202V3 5.32

    May be RNAV 1 or RNP 1. Default is RNAV 1. RNP 1 is used when a departure contains a radius-to-fix (RF) leg or for DME/DME/IRU aircraft use when radar monitoring is not desired. Required specification equipment sensor limitations, and any critical DME facilities are annotated on the procedure.

76. Vector SIDs AFMAN11-202V3 5.29

    Heavy black lines depict runway heading and are not a desired ground track. Typically only depicts area NAVAIDs or fixes with simple departure instructions (headings, altitudes, etc.)

77. ICAO SIDs AFMAN11-202V3 5.28

    Considered a "turning departure" if requires a turn of more than 15 degrees off runway heading. Table provided for standard speeds to stay within protected airspace.

78. Civil SIDs AFMAN11-202V3 5.27

    Higher than standard climb rates are published on the SID. May list takeoff obstacle notes, but they are not depicted graphically.

79. Special Departure Procedure (SDP) AFMAN11-202V3 5.31

    SDPs are aircraft-specific commercially designed and published procedures that require MAJCOM training and certification. Useful for multi-engine aircraft in case of engine failure for easy escape routing.

80. Specific ATC Departure Instructions AFMAN11-202V3 5.23

    Include a heading and altitude. They are not considered radar vectors, but do not apply wind drift corrections. If given instructions inconsistent with obstacle clearance (published departure or DVA), pilots must fly the ODP prior to ATC departure instructions or assume visual clearance responsibility.

81. Tune - Identify - Monitor (TIM) AFMAN11-202V3 8.3

    Tune the desired frequency or channel Identify the NAVAID via aural (Morse) or visual (alphanumeric) signal Monitor the station identification to ensure transmission of a reliable signal

82. TACAN usage AFMAN11-202V3 8.5

    Do not navigate using a TACAN unless valid azimuth and range information are available (don't hold over one either... just don't) Based on line-of-sight principle (obstructions will affect signal) May have X or Y setting. Assume X unless Y is depicted next to the frequency Designed to respond to 100 signals, if more than 100 closest will have priority

83. Localizer Range AFMAN11-202V3 8.6

    Difference between NAS and ICAO NAS: 10 nm for 35°, 18 nm for 10° ICAO: 17nm for 35°, 25 nm for 10° (has more range, can be reduced to NAS range)

84. Using a localizer offset from centerline AFMAN11-202V3 8.7

    ICAO: Localizer offset >5° from centerline is considered an instrument guidance system NAS: Localizer offset >3° from centerline is considered a localizer type directional aid (LDA)

85. Aircraft-based Augmentation System (ABAS) AFMAN11-202V3 9.5

    Integrity monitoring for satellites using onboard avionics Two types RAIM: uses GNSS information exclusively Aircraft autonomous integrity monitoring: GNSS and additional on-board sensors such as inertial reference units (IRU)

86. Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) AFMAN11-202V3 9.6

    Detects a faulty satellite to alert crew of GNSS loss. Requires 5 satellites. Barometric aiding may provide additional measurement to reduce number of satellites required.

87. Fault Detection Equipment (FDE) AFMAN11-202V3 9.5

    Detects and excludes a potential faulty satellite, allowing continued GNSS operation if there are additional healthy satellites Requires six satellites

88. Fly-over vs fly-by waypoints AFMAN11-202V3 10.4

    Fly-over (enclosed in circle) Cannot lead turn, must pass over first Usually missed approach or missed approach holding waypoints Fly-by Can anticipate turning Usually approach waypoints Fly-by vertical Can initiate vertical rate change prior to reaching to capture next vertical path Fly-over vertical Must fly over before initiating vertical rate change

89. Wake Turbulence Aircraft Weight Classes AFMAN11-202V3 11.2

    ICAO SUPER: A380-800 HEAVY (H): ≥ 300,000 lb MEDIUM (M): > 15,500 lb but < 300,000 lb LIGHT (L): ≤ 15,500 lb NAS SUPER: A380-800 and An-225 (rip) HEAVY: Aircraft capable of taking off with 300,000 lb or more LARGE: Aircraft capable of taking off with > 41,000 lb but < 300,000 lb Small: ≤ 41,000 lb

90. Timing for wake turbulence separation AFMAN11-202V3 11.5

    In reference to T-1s (MEDIUM aircraft) 2 minutes separation behind HEAVY aircraft: Same runway Parallel runways separated by less than 2,500 ft Crossing runways if coincident within 1,000 ft altitude Parallel runways separated by 2,500 ft or more if coincident within 1,000 ft altitude 3 minutes separation behind HEAVY aircraft: Intermediate part of same runway Intermediate part of parallel runways separated by less than 2,500 ft Takeoff: 3 min or appropriate radar separation behind SUPER 2 min…

91. Clearance authority for VFR flight AFMAN11-202V3 12.1.2

    PIC is clearance authority for VFR flight in controlled and uncontrolled airspaces. Have appropriate cloud clearance before cancelling IFR. Get ATC clearance before departing under IFR, as soon as practicable after departing VFR, or before entering controlled airspace

92. IFR minimum altitude AFMAN11-202V3 12.3.2

    On airways: Published airway minimum Off airways: Off Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude (OROCA) Off Route Terrain Clearance Altitude (ORTCA) Altitude that provides at least 1,000 ft (non-mountainous) or 2,000 ft (mountainous) clearance above terrain within 4 nm

93. Minimum En Route Altitude (MEA)

    Lowest published altitude between radio fixes that ensures navigation signal coverage and meets obstacle clearance requirements between fixes

94. Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude (MOCA)

    Lowest published altitude in effect between fixes on VOR airways, off-airway routes, or route segments that meets obstacle clearance requirements for the entire route segment Ensures signal coverage within 22 nm of a VOR

95. Minimum Reception Altitude (MRA)

    Minimum altitude the navigation signal can be received for the route and for off-course NAVAID facilities that determine a fix

96. Minimum Turning Altitude (MTA)

    Minimum altitude providing vertical and lateral obstruction clearance based on turn criteria over certain fixes, NAVAIDs, waypoints, and on charted route segments

97. Minimum Crossing Altitude (MCA)

    Lowest altitude at certain fixes at which the aircraft must cross when proceeding in the direction of a higher minimum en route IFR altitude

98. Minimum flyover altitudes AFMAN11-202V3 12.3.5

    Non-congested areas: 500 ft Congested areas: 1,000 ft above highest obstacle within 2,000 ft radius National parks, seashores, lake shores, recreation, scenic riverways: 2,000 ft Disaster relief areas: Do not fly over unless participating aircraft

99. Airspeed restrictions AFMAN11-202V3 12.4

    Do not exceed 250 kts: Below 10,000 ft MSL (unless with MAJCOM approval in restricted areas or MOAs) DoD and FAA mutually developed instrument routes or DoD developed visual routes (incl. SR routes) Do not exceed 200 kts: At or below 2,500 ft AGL within 4 nm of primary airport in class C or D airspace Airspace underlying class B or VFR corridor through class B airspace EXCEPTIONS: ATC approval or required for minimum operating airspeed

100. Hazard avoidance AFMAN11-202V3 12.5

     Do not operate in any forecast or actual severe condition (icing, turbulence, birds) Do not intentionally fly into thunderstorms, or near thunderstorms in IMC without a weather radar Do not operate within 50 nm of known or reported volcanic ash unless for SAR operations