SLP 408 A&P CH 1-3

87 flashcards · Biology · by Evelyn Ho

1. Lumbar Vertebrae

   The five vertebrae of the lumbar vertebral column (L1-L5) in the lower back. These are the attachments for the back and abdominal muscles as well as the posterior fibers of the diaphragm; they help form the abdominal wall.

2. Thoracic vertebrae

   The twelve vertebrae of the thoracic vertebral column (T1-T12) which attach to and support the ribcage, allowing for the “bucket action/movement” that occurs when the ribs expand.

3. Cervical vertebrae

   The seven vertebrae of the cervical spinal column (C1-7). C1 is the atlas, which supports skull rotation, and C2 is the axis, which supports skull pivoting.

4. Vertebrae

   An individual bony segment of the vertebral column.

5. Palpation

   The process of examining structures with the hands.

6. Vertebral column

   The bony structure composed of 33 vertebrae, located in the most posterior/dorsal portion of the thorax. The vertebrae are separated into the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar groups, as well as the sacrum and coccyx.

7. Pressure

   The force exerted on a given area (P = F/A). Air flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.

8. Inferior

   Below, closer to the ground.

9. Superior

   Above, farther from the ground.

10. Distal

    Away from the midline of the structure or directionally farther from the trunk of the body.

11. Boyle’s law

    Says that when the volume of a chamber containing a gas is increased, the pressure inside the chamber will decrease. Inversely, when the volume of the chamber is decreased, the pressure will increase. (So, when the volume of the lungs increases, pressure decreases and air rushes in to equalize the pressure between the lungs and the atmosphere, and when the volume of the lungs decreases, pressure increases, and air rushes out of the lungs to equalize pressure between the lungs and the atmosphere…

12. Pelvic girdle

    Forms the floor of the abdominal cavity and is the lowermost portion of the bony thorax. All tissues/organs of the abdomen sit on the pelvic girdle. Includes the ilium, sacrum, pubic bone, and ischium.

13. Pectoral girdle

    Helps frame the thorax, support the upper extremities, and allows for the attachment of back muscles. Includes the scapula (shoulder blade), clavicle (collarbone).

14. Thorax

    The chest region, between the diaphragm and the seventh cervical vertebra. Includes the first rib and clavicle, the ribs and sternum, and is suspended by the vertebral column.

15. Rib cage

    Part of the bony thorax composed of twelve ribs (7 true ribs, 3 false ribs, 2 floating ribs). Attaches to the vertebral column and sternum, forming a curved barrel shape around the lungs for protection. Ribcage movement allows for further expansion of the lungs during inspiration.

16. 4 Systems of SLP

    Respiratory, Phonatory, Articulatory, Nervous

17. True ribs

    The superior seven ribs which connect directly to the sternum via cartilaginous chondral.

18. Internal intercostals

    Used during forced expiration

19. External intercostals

    Used during forced inspiration

20. Costal pleurae

    Pleural lining of the inner rib cage.

21. Visceral pleurae

    Pleural linings which encase the lungs.

22. Diaphragm

    The primary, unpaired muscle of respiration that completely separates the abdomen and the thorax.

23. Alveolus

    Tiny air sacs in the lungs in which gas exchange occurs.

24. Carina tracheae

    The inner cartilaginous edge lining the mainstem bronchi. The epithelial lining over the carina tracheae provides a last defense against foreign agents through the cough reflex.

25. Peripheral

    Directionally away from the center or towards the surface of the body.

26. Superficial

    Towards the surface of the body.

27. Deep

    Further from the surface and closer to the center of the body.

28. External

    Outside

29. Internal

    Inside

30. Connective tissue

    Tissue that is specialized for protection and support of tissues and organs, for example cartilage, bones, blood, adipose, fibrous, and areolar tissues. Connective tissue is made up of matrix material and can be solid, liquid, or gel-like.

31. Epithelial tissue

    Tissue that makes up the skin, covers the surface of the body, and lines the cavities and passageways of the body. It acts as a barrier against foreign or hostile agents in the body and gives rise to mucous membranes.

32. Prone

    Position of the body in a horizontal position with the face and belly down.

33. Supine

    Position of the body in a horizontal position on the back with the face up.

34. Proximal

    The point closest to root or attachment point of a structure, or the trunk of the body.

35. Flexion

    Bending at a joint.

36. Terminal bronchi

    The last bronchioles in the respiratory tree, which connect the respiratory tree to the alveoli.

37. Anatomy

    study of the structure of an organism

38. Bolus

    The lump of food being swallowed.

39. Esophagus

    The collapsed tube posterior to the trachea which connects the laryngopharynx with the stomach.

40. Physiology

    study of the function of a living organism and its components

41. Transverse plane

    The plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves.

42. Coronal (Frontal) plane

    The plane that divides the body into front and back halves.

43. Sagittal plane

    Any plane that cuts through the body parallel to the midsaggital plane. The midsaggital plane divides the body into left and right halves.

44. Dorsal surface of body

    The back of the body, also known as the posterior surface of the body.

45. Dorsal surface of head

    The back of the head.

46. Ventral surface of body

    The front of the body, also known as the anterior surface of the body.

47. Segmental bronchi

    Bronchial passageways which connect the lobar bronchi with the individual segments of each lobe.

48. Lobar bronchi

    Secondary bronchial passageways which connect the mainstem bronchi to the individual lobes of the lungs.

49. Mainstem bronchi

    The bronchial tubes; the cartilaginous tubes connecting the trachea to the lungs.

50. Frontal section

    The front half of the body, divided by the frontal/coronal plane which divides the body into front and back halves.

51. Trachea

    The main trunk of the respiratory passage, composed of 16-20 cartilaginous rings.

52. Anterior

    Toward the front.

53. Posterior

    Toward the rear/back.

54. Sternum

    Very dense cartilage which shields the heart and attaches to the pectoral girdle and ribs.

55. Chondral portion of rib

    The cartilaginous portion of a rib.

56. Lateral

    Relating to the side.

57. Medial

    Toward the median/midsaggital plane.

58. False ribs

    The 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs which indirectly attaches to the sternum via cartilage which runs superiorly to attach to the bottom of the sternum.

59. Floating ribs

    The 11th and 12th ribs, which are not attached to the sternum and are only attached to the vertebral column.

60. Clavicle

    The collarbone, part of the pectoral girdle.

61. Scapula

    The shoulder blades, major structures of the pectoral girdle on the posterior of the upper thorax, helps frame thorax and allows for the attachment of back muscles.

62. Inguinal ligament

    Runs from the sternum to the pubic symphysis and allows for all the abdominal muscle groups to attach to the thorax and pelvis and work together.

63. Pubic symphysis

    The cartilaginous joint between the paired pubic bones.

64. Transverse process of vertebrae

    The lateral protrusions or processes on either side of a vertebra.

65. Spinous process of vertebrae

    The posterior protrusion or process of a vertebra.

66. Sacrum

    Part of the vertebral column composed of fused vertebrae — forms the base of the pelvis.

67. Coccyx

    Part of the vertebral column composed of fused coccygeal vertebrae.

68. Cranial, Thoracic, Pericardial, Abdominal cavities

    Brain & spinal cord, Lungs, Heart, Digestive organs

69. Respiration

    The exchange of gas between an organism and its environment, including processes such as inspiration and expiration.

70. Afferent/Efferent

    SAME Sensory Afferent, Motor Efferent

71. Speech requires integrated action of bodily systems

    Nervous > Respiratory > Phonatory > Articulatory > Auditory > Nervous

72. Extension

    Straightening of a joint.

73. Hyperextension

    Extending a joint too far.

74. Dorsiflexion

    Flexion that brings dorsal surfaces closer together by extending joints too far (hyperextension).

75. Plantar

    The sole of the foot.

76. Palmar

    The palm of the hand.

77. Expiration

    The elimination of carbon dioxide from the body’s cells by breathing out.

78. Muscle tissue

    Tissue that has the property to contract/flex and extend, to move skeletal structure as voluntary striated muscle or function in organs as involuntary smooth muscle.

79. Neural tissue

    Tissue that is specialized for communication, consisting of neurons. Neurons can transfer and receive information from/to other neurons, muscle cells, and other neural entities such as glands.

80. Origin

    The point of attachment of a muscle/structure that is the least mobile.

81. Insertion

    The point of attachment that moves when a muscle contracts.

82. Tendon

    Connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones or cartilage.

83. Ligament

    Connective tissues, or fibrous tissues, that bind bones to bones or cartilage to each other.

84. Fascia

    A sheet-like membrane that surrounds muscle.

85. Trunk

    composed of the thorax (chest) and the abdomen (belly)

86. Rostral

    Directionally towards the head.

87. Inspiration

    The transfer of oxygen to the body’s cells by breathing in.