physiology exam 2.0

52 flashcards · Other · by Madison Huth

1. the sum of all reactions in the body

   metabolism

2. the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones to provide energy

   catabolism

3. the production of larger molecules from smaller ones

   anabolism

4. the breaking apart of a molecule due to the addition of water

   hydrolysis

5. the formation of a molecule by removing water (reverse of hydrolysis)

   condensation

6. the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

   phosphorylation

7. the removal of a phosphate group resulting in an inorganic phosphate

   dephosphorylation

8. is the removal of electrons

   oxidation

9. is the addition of electrons

   reduction

10. in the body, potential energy is stored in

    chemical bonds

11. the molecule the enzyme works on

    substrate

12. an ion or molecule required by an enzyme for the enzyme to be active; help maintain the shape of the enzyme

    cofactors

13. these are vitamin-derived molecules, which assist enzymes by carrying chemical groups from one reaction to another

    coenzymes

14. reaction that supplies much of cell's energy needs; the central reaction of energy metabolism

    glucose oxidation

15. a modulator molecule binds to a regulatory site, which changes the shape of an enzyme

    allosteric regulation

16. an enzyme can exist in an active or inactive state (phosphorylation or dephosphorylation)

    covalent regulation

17. goal of the Kreb's cycle

    to generate NADH and FADH2

18. goal of glycolysis

    to generate ATP, NADH, and two pyruvates to generate even more ATP

19. why do we want to transport electrons and hydrogen ions to ETC

    the ETC provides the coupling to the production of ATP

20. what fuels the kreb's cycle

    acetyl coA

21. where does glycolysis occur

    cytoplasm / cytosol

22. where does oxidative phosphorylation and the Kreb's cycle take place

    mitochondria

23. each NADH produces

    3 ATP

24. each FADH2 produces

    2 ATP

25. when the membrane potential rises to -55 mV, and the once closed activation gates of the Na+ voltage- gated channels open

    depolarization

26. when the membrane potential reaches +30 mV, the inactivation gate of the Na+ voltage-gated channels close (and Na+ stops flowing in)

    repolarization

27. even after the membrane potential returns to -70 mV, the potassium channels stay open for 10 milliseconds

    after-hyper polarization

28. two types of synapses

    electrical and chemical

29. immediate; the plasma membrane of adjacent cells are linked together by gap junctions, allowing for the movement of ions from one cell to the next

    electrical

30. more time to respond, most common, a neurotransmitter is released which binds to a receptor channel in the membrane, generating an action potential

    chemical

31. 1st neuron

    presynaptic neuron

32. 2nd neuron

    postsynaptic neuron

33. the small space between the first and second neuron

    synaptic cleft

34. when a neurotransmitter binds and opens a Na+ ligand-gated channel, if the membrane potential moves toward the threshold (-55 mV)

    EPSP

35. when a neurotransmitter binds and opens a K+ or Cl- ligand-gated channel, if the membrane potential moves below the resting membrane potential (-70 mV = hyperpolarizes)

    IPSP

36. summation over time

    temporal summation

37. summation based on location

    spatial summation

38. chemical signals that diffuse across synaptic gap to deliver message

    neurotransmitters

39. formed from the combination of acetyl CoA and choline

    acetylcholine

40. these are part of a Na+/K+ channel; when this opens more Na+ moves in than K+ moves out = EPSP (receptors of ACh)

    nicotinic cholinergic receptors

41. when these are bound, a sodium ion channel may be opened or a K+ or Cl- channel may be opened = EPSP or IPSP

    muscarinic cholingeric receptors

42. derived from amino acids

    biogenic amines

43. dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine; create EPSPs

    catecholamines

44. generates EPSPs in the neurons of the brain stem associated with sleep and emotions

    serotonin

45. generated EPSPs in the neurons of the hypothalamus and is involved with emotions

    histamine

46. generate EPSPs; commonly found in the CNS

    aspirate and glutamate

47. short chains of amino acids

    neuropeptides

48. TRH

    EPSPs

49. vasopressin (ADH)

    IPSPs

50. substance P

    IPSPs

51. enkephalins

    IPSPs

52. endorphins

    IPSPs