Psychology: Themes and Variations, Chapter 3

107 flashcards · Other · by Sophia Vona

1. neuron

   receives, integrates, processes, transmits info

2. soma

   "body" nucleus, common cell machinery (not info based)

3. dendrites

   "little trees": receive info from other cells want it to be bushy, have lots of receptors, dendritic spines, etc, bc the more surface area the better

4. axon

   sends info (signals) to other cells could be myelinates, have short gaps (Nodes of ranvier), have long unmyelinated gaps, be unmyelinated.

5. myelin sheath

   insulating, encasing material, speeds up transmission of signals

6. terminal buttons

   knobs @ end of axons, has vesicles full of neurotransmitters, releases nt's across synaptic cleft when vesicles fuse with membrane

7. types of glia

   "glue" olygodendrites (CNS) schwann cells (PNS) astrocytes "star cells' microglia radial glia

8. oligodendrocytes

   CNS creates several myelin sheath segments covers more than 1 axon

9. Schwann cells

   PNS creates 1 myelin sheath segment only 1 axon

10. astrocytes

    "star cells" actual glue, hovers over neurons synchronizes communication between neurons nurtures cells (provides glycogen = stored glucose) removes waste

11. microglia

    part of the immune system immune system eats diseases cells. too ptent for brain, which has very little and limited neurogenesis. needs a different mechanism. removes waste + invaders (bacteria and viruses)

12. action potential (what is it, generally?)

    triggers a neural impulse triggered by PSP's electrical an chemical signal in axon if the axon is unmyelinated: ap occurs at every point if axon myelinated / nodes of nanvier: AP occurs at nodes. signal moves faster in unmyelinated areas

13. neuro at rest

    battery voltage: generated by charges separated by membrane of axon (polarized) constant voltage cell more negative than outside outside: + sodium ions inside: + potassium ions, - proteins.

14. neuron when stimulated (leading to AP)

    ions diffuse across open ion channels down electrochemical gradient. voltage spike: evens concentrations of ions and proteins. depolarizes cell, brief voltage spike (cell gets more positive)

15. all or none law

    in AP's: ap fires or it doesn't, always at full strength differentiation is due to # of AP's per second, not due to diff strengths

16. threshold of excitation

    in AP's enough energy to continue opening channels or not enough energy and no firing, cell goes back to rest

17. absolute refractory period

    in AP's microseconds where AP cannot fire again, except relative refractory period IF neuron is stimulated above normal threshold of excitation, might fire another action potential.

18. resting potential

    neuron's stable, negative charge during inaction (no action potential)

19. TF: neurons have a basal AP rate no matter if stimulation is coming in or not.

    T

20. EPSP

    excitory post synaptic potential + voltage shift of neuron

21. IPSP

    inhibitory post synaptic potential voltage shift of neurons

22. if ____ > ____ > threshold of excitation, then ____

    EPSP, IPSP, Action potential is fired (maybe)

23. cable properties of PSPs

    signal becomes lesser over time and distance varies in strength (no all or none) no threshold of excitation.

24. IPSP > EPSP

    action potentials rate slower than basal rate

25. EPSP > IPSP

    action potentials rate faster than basal rate

26. action potentials reach the terminal buttons, triggering _______

    exocytosis, when vesicles bind to membrame release nt's into synaptic cleft. neurons bind to receptor binding sites on post synaptic neuron dendrits, causing EPSP or IPSP's and potentially an action potential in post synaptic neuron.

27. monoamines + indolamines (a type of monoamine)

    dopamine Norepinephrine epinephrine serotonin

28. DA other names

    Dopamine, dopaminergic

29. Dopaminergic functions

    CNS: movement, addictions, reward systems, mood

30. Noradrenergic other names

    Norepinephrine, NE

31. NE functions

    CNS: mood, arousal

32. Epi other Names

    Epinephrine, Adrenergic

33. Adrenergic functions

    PNS: cardiac contraction (heart beats) CNS: mood from the amino acid phenylalanine

34. monoamines (indolamines)

    serotonin,

35. Serotonergic other names

    serotonin, 5-HT

36. 5-HT functions

    sleep/ arousal, mood, eating, aggression, impulsivity

37. Endorphins function

    (type of neuropeptide- larger brain chemical) modulates/ decreases pain, opiate like

38. Acetocholine other names

    Ach, Acetocholinergic, cholinergic

39. Cholinergic functions

    PNS: voluntary muscle contractions CNS: arousal, attention, learning, memory

40. GABA other names

    gamma-amino butynic acid

41. Gamma-amino butynic acid functions

    amino acid transmitter produces EPSP/ IPSPs, depends on receptor. inhibition an regulation of anxiety.

42. Glutamate functions

    learning and memory excitory effect on cells

43. large/ chemical/ neuropeptide examples

    morphine, endorphins, insulin, substance p

44. endogenous chemicals:

    made in body endorphins, insulin, substance p

45. exogenous chemicals (and 2 types)

    originate outside body can increase/ decrease Nt's activity agonist: increase activity antagonist: block/ decrease activity

46. botulinum toxin

    "botox" cholinergic antagonist: PNS, decreases muscle contractions to stiffen tissue, no wrinkles.

47. curare

    used in surgery cholinergic antagonist: PNS, decreases muscle contractions so no twitching in surgery

48. atropha belladona

    put in eyes cholinergic antagonist PNS: stops muscle contractions of iris leading to very dilated pupils, "more attractive" bc pupils dilate when attracted to someone.

49. black widow spider venom

    cholinergic agonist PNS: seizing, spasms.

50. nicotine

    smoking can stimulate Ach (acetocholine) (cholinergic)

51. box jellyfish

    sting you cholinergic antagonist adrenergic agonist

52. NS made up of:

    CNS (brain and spinal cord) PNS (everything else in body relating to nervous system)

53. CNS made of

    Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

54. Hindbrain made of

    Cerebellum, medulla, pons

55. Forebrain made of

    Hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum

56. cerebrum houses ___?

    senory cortices frontal lobes -> prefrontal cortex parietal lobes temporal lobes occi[ipital lobes

57. PNS has the

    somatic and autonomic system

58. autonomic system has the _

    parasympathetic and sympathetic system

59. somatic system has two types of nerves:

    afferent and efferent

60. afferent nerves:

    from body to brain (incoming)

61. efferent nerves:

    from brain to body (outgoing)

62. Autonomic nervous system

    non voluntary processes nerves to hear, bloo vessels, smooth muscles, glands four 4's (fighting, fleering, feeding... mating)

63. Parasympathetic nervous system (part of ___ system) and does what?

    autonomic system conserves bodily resources relaxes things stores resources

64. sympathetic nervous system (par of ____ system) and does what?

    autonomic sistem prepares to deploy bodily resources for fight/ flight etc tenses things readies body

65. somatic nervous system does what

    nerves to voluntary muscles, sensory receptors afferent: incoming efferent: outgoing

66. Brain general anatomy and centers

    middle lower: primitive/ vital functions higher = higher level functions

67. hindbrain

    base of the brain cerebellum medulla pons reticular formation

68. cerebellum

    smooth muscle movement, balance, motor movements. involuntary movement

69. medulla

    unconscious vital functions: breathing, circulation

70. pons

    "bridge" connects stem to brain motor responses networks to side of brain sleep, arousal reticular formation goes through it (touches medulla and midbrain)

71. reticular formation:

    tips of midbrain whole pons top of medulla ascending fibers: wakefulness/ sleep descending fibers: motor movement

72. midbrain

    middle locating things in space, dopamine synthesis -> "substancia nigra" visul info: superior colliculi auditory info: inferior colliculi periaqueductal gray: pain perception (opion synthesis) reticular formation

73. forebrain

    2 cerebral hemispheres connected by corpus callosum (main hemisphere connection) cerebrum cerebral cortex thalamus hypothalamus limbic system sensory primary cortices

74. cerebrum

    divides brain into 2 hemispheres complex mental activities sensing, learning, thinking, planning voluntary movement (has motor cortex)

75. cerebral cortex

    outer gray matter around cerebrum (gray bc unmyelinated. white = myelinated on inside, cerebrum) cell bodies, dendrites higher mental processes occipital lobe (primary visual cortex) temporal lobe (auditory cortex) parietal lobe (somatosensory) frontal lobe (insular cortex (gustatory) + motor + mirror cortex + prefrontal lobe: executive functions, organizes and directs through processes, planning, memory impulse, only matures after about 25 years)

76. thalamus

    sensory relay (but also processing) go through here before primary cortices (all except olfactory) different clusters of neurons, not unitary consciousness lower brain to higher brain connection won't be fully conscious if thalamus is dagamed

77. 3 states of consciousness

    unresponsive wakefulness syndrome -> no response to external stimuli minimally conscious -> some response, ie opens and closes eyes conscious -> consistent response to external stimuli

78. unresponsive wakefulness syndrome

    no response to external stimuli

79. minimally conscious

    some response, ie opens and closes eyes

80. conscious

    consistent response to external stimuli

81. hypothalamus

    basic biological needs motivates behavior 4 f's regulates pituary different clusters of neurons, not unitary

82. limbic system

    loosely connected network for emotions, memory, motivation - thalamus, hypothalamus, hipocampus, amygdala, and likely more

83. occipital lobe

    primary visual cortex

84. temporal lobe

    primary auditory cortex

85. parietal lobe

    primary somatosensory cortex

86. frontal lobe

    primary motor cortex

87. insular cortex (in frontal lobe)

    primary gustatory cortex

88. sulcus/ plural sulci

    groove

89. gyri

    bump/ridge

90. fissure

    deep groove

91. association area

    part of cerebral cortex, links motor and sensory areas.

92. primary cortex

    most important area for one of the senses/ motor control areas.

93. methods to study the brain

    lesioning stimulation imagine

94. Brain lesioning techniques

    use a knife, electriocolytic lesion, aspiration lesion, too cause brain damage in specific area lack of function in individual associated with damage in what area? can use previously brain damaged people ethics issues control "sham": stick the electrode in but don't actually burn the region, tests if there is unintentional damage from procedure- if yes, confounding variable. issue: IF brain damaged, not eating. conclusion: not hungry? can't swallow?? many interpretations

95. Brain stimulation techniques

    electrical stimulation, TMS, rTMS chemical stimulation suppress/ increase brain activity in specific regions, see what confusions about change of function can be drawn.

96. Brain Imagine techniques

    structural: CT scan: many many X rays, cheaper bc developed earlier MRI: magnet, no radiation, more accurate functional; PET scan: radioactive synthetic glucose, measures blood flow structural + functional fMRA: Blood flow + oxygen. can be used to differ between states of consciousness. MRI better with structure, but only f offers functional (f) AND structural info.

97. endocrine system

    governed by hypothalamus and pituary glands secrete hormones cortisol: regulates stress response oxytocin: bonding, reproductive social behaviors

98. left brain

    verbal processing: language, speech, reading + writing

99. right brain

    spatial/ musical visual recognition non verbal

100. broca's area:

     temporal cortex, speech production