Scattergood Biology 2022-2023

210 flashcards · Biology · by Ben Heller

1. The study of life

   Biology

2. Study of organisms and how they relate to themselves and their surroundings

   Ecology

3. Group of the same species of organisms that interact with one another

   Population

4. Resources that keep a population from growing infinitely

   Limiting Factors

5. The population size that is caused by limited resources

   Carrying Capacity

6. The growth curve that levels off at the carrying capacity

   Logistic Growth

7. The growth curve that grows forever at a fast pace

   Exponential Growth

8. A species’ ideal living situation

   Fundamental Niche

9. A species’ living situation caused by competition

   Realized Niche

10. Species working together, best friends!

    Mutualism

11. One species benefits, other doesn’t benefit or suffer

    Commensalism

12. One species leaching nutrients off another

    Parasitism

13. Actually dangerous warning colors

    Mullerian Mimicry

14. Mimicking of dangerous colors while not actually being dangerous

    Batesian Mimicry

15. 2 species evolving together

    Coevolution

16. Populations of one species interacting with populations of other species

    Community

17. Something that changes the ecosystem

    Disturbance

18. Lots of different species

    Biodiversity

19. What happens after a disturbance in the ecosystem

    Ecological Succession

20. The number of different species in a sample

    Richness

21. Living things vibing with nonliving things

    Ecosystem

22. Toxins accumulating up the food chain

    Biomagnification

23. The position of an organism on the food chain

    Trophic level

24. Rock that formed from dead tiny sea creatures being compressed at the bottom of the ocean

    Limestone

25. Water being pulled out of plants by evaporation

    Evapotranspiration

26. The element often the limiting nutrient for land plants, super present in the atmosphere but in accessible to plants without the help of _______-fixing bacteria

    Nitrogen

27. The element that is often the limiting nutrient for aquatic life, primarily found in rock where it is dissolved and cycles through the environment

    Phosphorus

28. Organisms that produce lots of offspring with only a few surviving

    R-strategy species

29. Organisms that produce only a few offspring in their lives but put a lot of effort into them

    K-strategy species

30. The entire group that you want to study, everything!

    Population

31. A small portion of the population that you study because you can’t see the whole population

    Sample

32. A value calculated based on the population

    Parameter

33. A value calculated from the sample

    Statistic

34. Measures something numerical, on a sliding scale

    Quantitative Variable

35. Puts things into categories

    Categorical Variable

36. The problem that arises when the sample excludes a certain group of people

    Undercoverage Bias

37. When the phrasing of the question leads to people giving a certain answer

    Wording Bias

38. One of three domains, similar to bacteria put live in extreme conditions like geysers

    Archaea

39. Classification of animals

    Taxonomy

40. Branching diagram that shows shares traits among animals

    Cladogram

41. Diagram that shows evolutionary descent with time

    Phylogenetic tree

42. Process in which certain inherited traits make it easier for some individuals to thrive and multiply and change genetic makeup of populations over time

    Natural Selection

43. Relative ability to survive and create offspring

    Fitness

44. How organisms seems to be ideally shaped to survive and reproduce in their environment

    Adaptations

45. How an individual organism adjusts to change in environment

    Acclimation

46. When being a small population leads to big proportional changes in allele frequency

    Genetic Drift

47. The changes in allele frequencies stay constant due to no evolutionary mechanisms

    Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

48. A version of a gene

    Allele

49. When two new species arise due to geographic separation causing their populations to diverge

    Allopatric Speciation

50. The necessary condition for speciation to occur

    Reproductive Isolation

51. When two new species arise due to behavioral differences leading to separation

    Sympatric Speciation

52. When two species are unable to mate at all

    Prezygotic Isolation

53. When two species are able to mate but the resulting fetus doesn’t develop or survive or the offspring is sterile

    Postzygotic Isolation

54. Why is Carbon so important for life?

    It’s small and therefore can make lots of different shapes It can bond with lots of different elements It’s not overly greedy in making those bonds

55. Bond caused by negative and positive ions being attracted to one another, giving/taking electrons

    Ionic Bond

56. Bond caused by elements sharing electrons to fill electron orbits

    Covalent Bond

57. With hydrogen sharing an electron to bond with another element, the whole molecule has a slight charge and that leads to attract between the same type of molecules, example is water with water

    Hydrogen bonds

58. Name 3 of the 6 properties of water that make it so important to life.

    Cohesion Adhesion Universal Solvent Heat Capacity Ice’s Density High Surface Tension

59. The same type of molecules being drawn to each other

    Cohesion

60. Attraction between two different types of molecules

    Adhesion

61. Water-fearing, molecules that repel/don’t mix with water

    Hydrophobic

62. Water-loving, molecules that mix/dissolve in water

    Hydrophilic

63. Complex molecules required to work and grow the body, one of the 4 main biological molecules

    Proteins

64. Fatty acids, used in long term storage

    Lipids

65. Gelatinous fluid in which the cell organelles float around in

    Cytoplasm

66. Smallest singular unit of life, they also can come together to become tissues to create more complex forms of life

    Cell

67. Cell organelle, attached to outside of nuclear envelope, helps ribosomes makes proteins

    Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

68. Cell organelle, found on nuclear membrane, floating around, and the Rough ER, synthesizes proteins

    Ribosome

69. Cell organelle, floating in cytoplasm, responsible for packaging, processing, and shipping proteins

    Golgi apparatus

70. Cell organelle, encloses waste in a membrane that destroys the waste products with enzymes

    Lysosome

71. Cell organelle, Found floating in the cytoplasm, responsible for synthesizing compounds, especially lipids

    Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

72. Cell organelle, Enclosed in double membrane, control center of the cell, holds the DNA

    Nucleus

73. Cell organelle, Powerhouse of the cell, scattered throughout cytoplasm

    Mitochondria

74. Center part of the nucleus, makes RNA

    Nucleolus

75. Makes up membrane, Hydrophilic outside, hydrophobic fatty tails inside

    Phospholipid Bilayer

76. Spaces which allow molecules to move through cell membrane

    Channel Proteins

77. Passage of water through membrane

    Osmosis

78. Bringing larger molecules in by engulfing them in the cell membrane

    Endocytosis

79. Vesicular transport forcefully kicked out of the cell, vesicle joins membrane

    Exocytosis

80. Molecules moving from high to low concentration areas, things spreading out to be equal

    Diffusion

81. Adenosine Triphosphate, common energy source made and used by the cell

    ATP

82. Moving particles using energy

    Active Transport

83. Movement not requiring energy, diffusion is an example

    Passive Transport

84. simple sugar compound, main energy source of ATP

    Glucose

85. The process in which cells turn sugar into energy in the form of ATP

    Cellular Respiration

86. The end product of glycolysis, 3 carbon molecule

    Pyruvate

87. First Step of Cellular Respiration, Glucose is split, happens in cytoplasm, produces tiny bit of ATP, doesn’t need oxygen

    Glycolysis

88. Theoretically, how much ATP and NADH do the cell gain from Glycolysis?

    2 ATP and 2 NADH (it produces 4 ATP but we need 2 ATP to break down the Glucose in the first place

89. Second step of Cellular Respiration, takes place in Mitochondria, main product is NADH

    Krebs Cycle

90. 3rd step in cellular respiration, produces the most ATP, takes place in Mitochondria membrane

    Electron Transport Chain

91. Instructions for life, double helix, inside nucleus for eukaryotes

    Deoxyribonucleic Acid, DNA

92. humans have 23 pairs, yarn-like ball of DNA and proteins

    Chromosome

93. DNA-like with single strand, copy of the "recipe" of life

    Ribonucleic Acid, RNA

94. Base pair within DNA, pairs with Thymine

    Adenine (A)

95. Base pair within DNA, pairs Adenine

    Thymine (T)

96. Base pair within DNA, pairs with Guanine

    Cytosine (C)

97. Base pair within DNA, pairs with Cytosine

    Guanine (G)

98. Nitrogenous base pair within RNA, pairs with Adenine

    Uracil (U)

99. What are the three main parts of DNA?

    A 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

100. The allele that can take over, it masks the recessive

     Dominant allele