PSYCH chapter 5

111 flashcards · Psychology · by Sophia Vona

1. Consciousness

   awareness of: internal stimuli and external stimuli; including awareness of self and thoughts

2. alert

   awake, aware

3. asleep

   not awake, semi aware

4. coma

   not aware

5. unresponsive wakefullness syndrome

   awake, unaware

6. min conscious

   awake, semi aware (inconsistently aware)

7. freud theory of conscious

   1) it exists (first to posit it) 2) feelings and behaviors influenced by unconscious needs, wishes, concepts

8. william james branch of psych

   functionalism

9. william james theory of consciousness

   streatm/flow of consciousness, mind wandering, conscious fluctation! (functionalism) not static points (structuralism)

10. EEG

    electrical net activity of outside potion of brain over time. electrodes attacthed to scalp

11. EMG

    musical activity tension

12. EKG

    heart contractions

13. EOG

    eye movements

14. alert/awake breain waves

    beta: 13-24 cycles per second (highest rate)

15. relaxed/ dorwsy brainwaves

    altpha 8-12 cps (middle)

16. stage 1 sleep time brainwaves cps

    "i wasn't asleep" 10-12 min theta + some alpha 4-7 cps (second lowest. has range not just singular number)

17. stage 2 sleep time brainwaves cps

    "i wasn't asleep" (sometimes) 10-25 min theta, sleep spindles (crescendo to decreasecndo in eye shape; big spikes, low frequency waveform, high amp) k complex: big spike like ekg heart beat 4-7 cps

18. stage 3 sleep time brainwaves cps

    SLOW WAVE SLEEP 20-40 min (w/ stage 4, which it can be combined with) difficult to awaken, groggy slow up and down eye movement 0-49% delta waves <4 cps

19. stage 4 sleep time brainwaves cps

    SLOW WAVE SLEEP 20-40 min (w/ stage 3, which it can be combined with) same as 3: difficult to awaken, groggy slow up and down eye movement LIMITED MUSCLE ACTIVITY RYHTHMIC BREATHING >50% delta waves <4 cps

20. REM

    majority of dreaming difficult to awaken without meaningful stimuli alert when woken rapid side to side eye movement muscle atonia no sleepwalking erections brain waves: beta, sawtooth (high frequency, low amp waves). similar to wavefullness.

21. sleep architecture:

    1234 REM 4321 234 REM x4 or x5 in a night first half: no rem or little REM second half: lots of REM peak: 40-60 min. must presevre for benefits of sleep

22. biological rythm

    periodic fluctuations in physiological functions: tied to planetary rythms

23. circadian rythms:

    24 hour bio cycle sin humans + other species: important to sleep regulationa nd arousal entrained by light: day and night cycles

24. major bio clock

    SCN: superChiasmaticNucleus: in the hypothalamus

25. sleepiness regulation pathway

    SCN (superchiasmaticnuclues -> pinneal gland -> melatonon regulation -> sleepiness regulation

26. Jet lag is what

    circadian rythm + sleep schedule out of sync with day night cycle

27. jet lag "symptoms"

    bad quality sleep sleepiness during day higher incidence physical diseases less productiity bad social relations worse mental health rotation schedules can cause it social jet lag: waking up on different times during weekend

28. what takes longer to recover from: e to w jetlag or w to e??

    east to west

29. drugs in regulating circadian rythm

    adenosine caffiene melatonin

30. adenosine

    binds to receptor, creates greater amounts of sleepiness

31. caffeine:

    blocks adenosine receptors, caffeine crash when caffiene leaves receptors and al built up adenosine rushes receptor.

32. melatonin

    hormone

33. T F: newborns have consolidated sleep

    False: sleep 6-8 times in 24 hours,

34. how long do neborns sleep

    sleep for >16 hours

35. REM in newborns vs adults

    newborns: 50% of sleep is REm adults: 20% is REM

36. T or F: total sleep declines moderatey in old people

    T

37. does SWS or REM change in old people

    both: 50% less SWS slightly less REM

38. sleep schedule odl people

    go to sleep and wake earlier!

39. culture and sleep: is there much variation?

    No! Siesta culture to avoid hottest parts of day when working exists in some countrues african americans and white americans report lower sleep quality than asian and hispanic americans

40. sleep deprivation (selective REM deprivation effects)

    slip into REM more, eventually everyt time you fall asleep

41. sleep deprivation (selective SWS effects):

    health problems

42. mortality curve in sleep deprivation

    less than 7 and more than 9 associated with higher morality (higher sleep might be indicative of things like depression though)

43. complete sleep deprivation effects

    weary irritable, paranoid, attention lapses, memory deficits, microsleep, hallucinations

44. partial/ restrcited leep deprication

    inconsistent sleepy attention deficits lower rxn time lower motor coordination more poor decisions lower endocrine and immune system function correlations increased accidents, higher rates physical issues (weight gain, disease)

45. rebounds from deprivation effects include

    selectve SWS or REM make up 50% of SWS and REM, not stages 1 and 2

46. cognitive effects sleep deprivations

    lower IQ worse memory consolidation less insights (correlation with REM) worse learning/problem solving babies have more rem, older people have less rem

47. Theories of sleep

    congitive development function? babies with higher REM energy conservation? - dolphins, only 20-30% metabolic decrease protection against predators? restore bodily resources? rat study, couch potatoes vs athletes.

48. insomnia

    Symptoms: difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep nonrestorative sleep demographics more in women more old age Effects reduced productivity, absenteeism higher risk accidents more anxiety more depression TX: sleep hygiene CBT, relaxation training, benzaodiazapenes, melatnonin cons o meds: overdose, abuse, druswsy/ sluggish next day, tolerance, withdrawal

49. Hypersomia

    Symptoms: nonrestorative sleep no mater what no underlying condition uncommon greater 1 month TX: stimulants

50. Narcolepsy

    Symptoms: sudden, irresisteble sleep during waking periods refreshful one or more present (REM instrusions_ cataplexy (msucle atonia) sleep paralysis hallucinations wakefulness to REM for 10-20 min Demographics: genetic predisposition TX: stimulants: stop sleep attajs SSRI's: stop rem intrusions

51. REM sleep behaving disorder

    Symptoms: troublesome/violent dream enactments during REM Effects: may precede Parkinson's up to 10 yrs

52. Sleep apnea

    Symptoms: frequent, reflecive gasps for air after you stop breathing (~10 s), waking you up 10 -15 min / 1 hr sleep = clinical excessive daytime sleepiness Demographics: males overweight over 50 Effects: doubles mortality risk increases vulnerability to cardiovascular disease obstructive or CNS causes. TX: CPAP lifestyle changes (can be from meds) other meds airway/craniofacial surgery pressurized automatic breather

53. sommabulanism

    Symptoms: repeated episodes of sleepwalking not due to dreams: no REM bc muscle atonia trauma in adults no recall of eps 15% kids, 3.6% adults Demographics: people who are stressed, sleep deprived, genetic factors Effects: life threatening incidents/ accidents TX:

54. nature of dreams (adults)

    about you familiar characters mundane (usually) tolerant of ligical discrepancies + implausible scenarious external stimuli can effect (content before bed or sensations while sleeping) freud's "day residue"

55. nature of dreams (children)

    more static images than narrative verbal limits of research messing with conclusions? maybe?

56. nonwestern culture and dreams

    sources of info about self, future, spiritual world

57. crosss cultureal dream similarities

    futture, falling, being chased, sex,

58. western culture and reams

    lots of sex and aggression

59. Freid theory of dreaming

    wish fulfilment

60. Rosalind Cartwright

    theory od dreams problem solving/mood regulation reflect and regulate on your tone creative problem solving evidence? rem enhances learning?

61. hobson

    theory of dreams activation synthesis model side effects of beta wave production neurons fire in ower brain center (pons), causes sprie in geniculate nucleus, causes spike in cortex (occipital lobe). synthesizes dreams to make sense of signals downlpas emotions and powerful dream content. also, dreams outside of rem

62. hypnoses

    systematic procedure, produces heightened state of suggestibility

63. associative features of hypnosis

    anesthesia (drugs more reliable) sensory distortions/hallucinations (cant lift something you think is heavy) disinhibition "not my fault" posthypnotic suggestions/amnesia (ie obesity) "hypnotizability" consistent trait over time must be willing to be hypnotized

64. franz anton mesrar

    illicit hypnotist, claimed to cure people from illness with power of suggestion

65. james braid

    anesthetic by hypnosis b4 drugs

66. today's scientists uses of hypnosis

    psych problems + physical ailments headaches, skin disorders, IBS, obesity, fear of flying, smoking

67. ernest hilgard

    hypnosis as a form of dissaociation splitting of mental processes into two, separate, simultaneous streams of awareness. communication with hypnotist in real world difficult to detect, hidden observer. pain (anesthesia) registered here highway hypnoses proof: no conscious recollection despite response to stimuli

68. meditation

    family of practices that train attention to heighen awareness + bring mental processes under greater voluntary control

69. meditation 2 types

    focused attention (transcendental meditation) open monitering (zen)

70. focused attention

    type of meditation direct attention to specific object, image, sound, bodily sensation (breathing)

71. open monitering

    type of meditation direct attention to contents of moment to moment experiences expand attention, become dethatched

72. meditation associative features

    EEG: higher alpha (drowsy) higher theta (light sleep) less parietal lobe activity increased left prefrontal lobe activity transcendent experience (not just relaxation) less stress, lress anxiety, lower BP higher immune function, better mood, better self esteem, better overall health

73. Narcotics do what

    pain relief (anelgesic), cough, diarreah CNS depressant

74. narcotics examples

    morphine, heroin, oxycodone, codeine, methadone, demerol

75. Narcotics primary effects

    CNS depressant sense of well being, less anxiety drowsiness impaired mental/ motor functioning constipation higher rate of infectious diseases

76. withdrawal on narcotics

    severe diarreah

77. overdose on narcotics

    damage to medulla (often fatal)

78. sedatives used for

    sleeping issues: sedatives CNS depressant

79. Sedatives types

    barbituates, benzodapines

80. sedatives effects

    CNS depressant: increase relacation inreaced drowsiness lower anxiety imparied mental physical function; thus increased risk accidents

81. sedatives withdrawal

    not too dangerous

82. sedatives overdose

    medulla *synergstc with alcohol

83. synergistic drugs:

    more dangerous / potent when combined than individual effects doubled.

84. sedatives backfire

    quick tolerance build -> medication can backfire bc of non-dangerous compensatory mechanisms from withdrawal (body makes you more alert- harder to fall asleep, or more daytime sleepiness).

85. stimulants used for

    narcolepsy, ADHD, local anesthetic raises CNSactiviy

86. stimulants examples

    caffeine, oxycodone, cocaine, amphetamines, mDMA (low doses)

87. stimulants effects

    euphoria increased energy increased alterness more CV arousal and or CV problems more respiratory priblems panic insomnia psychosis lowered apetite higher swetaing/urination damaged nasal membranes

88. hallucinogenic used for

    alters sensory/ perception

89. hallucinogens examples

    LSD, mescaline, psilocybin (shrooms) mdma (high doses- aka ecstasy)

90. hallucinogens effects

    euphoria senory + perceptual experiences anxiety, paranoia (bad trip) kills 5-HT neurons impaired judgement, higher risk accidents.

91. cannabis uses

    naurua, pain, cancer, gluacoma

92. cannabis ex

    marijuana, hashish, THC

93. cannabis effects

    euphoria, relaxation, sensory/ perceptual distoritions increase hunger (sweets) short term memory impairments metabolizes slowly increased lung disease, cancer, psychosis ?? maybe?? not super well proven decrease IQ in younger users decreased memory in middle aged users higher accident risk

94. alcohol effects

    CNS depressant euphoria relaxation mood swings quarrelsomeness: involved in 90% of student rapes, 95% of violent crimes on campus bio effects: impairments in cognitive/motor fxn, 21% unplanned sex, 1/2 fatal car accidents, 40% fatal bike accidents liver damage, ulcers, hypertensin, stroke, neuro issues (korsakcs syndrome) cancers, increased mortality, toxic to cells: "intoxication" social relationship, job, school sufering etc

95. CNS despressants

    alcohol, sedatives, narcotics

96. dugs that increase CNS activity

    stimulants

97. drugs dont affect CNS

    marijuana, hallucinogens

98. alcohol withdrawal

    delirium tremors: shakes, delerium, could be fatal

99. 12 drinks per year

    regular

100. 5+ drinks on 1 occasion, 1x a month

     binge drinker