PSYCH CHAPTER 6

58 flashcards · Psychology · by Sophia Vona

1. Learning is what?

   Acquires change in behavior or knowledge (mental of overt) due to experience

2. conditioning

   learning associations betweens events in an organism's environment

3. ivan pavlov

   classical conditioning pioneer conditioner dogs to salivate when tone presented

4. IRL classical conditioning examples

   fear and anxiety, conditioner immune suppression, arousal, ads

5. unconditioned stimulus (US, UCS)

   naturally elicits reponse ex: food presentation

6. unconditioned response (UR)

   natural response to US ex: dog salivates

7. conditioned stimulus (CS)

   previously Neutral Stimulus (NS) acquired capacity to elicit response due to association with US

8. Conditioned Response (CR)

   response to CS looks like UR

9. neutral stimulus (NS)

   does not elicit a response

10. acquisition (classical conditioning)

    US -> UR US + NS -> UR NS = CS = CR

11. stimulus contiguity (classical) is what?

    the timing of the US and CS

12. stimulus contiguity types

    simultaneous presentation of US and CS short delayed presentation CS presented after US CS and US end at same time. trace presentation CS presented slightly before US

13. salience of stimulus

    more salient = good potential CS

14. Extinction (CC)

    if CS presented alone without US, eventually CS will stop eliciting CR.

15. spontaneous recovery (CC)

    reappearance of extinguished response after non exposure to CR

16. renewal effect (CC and OC)

    reappearance of extinguished response after return to environment in which CC association was learned. sub in OC terms same thing

17. generalization (CC And OC)

    NS (similar to CS) evokes CR sub in OC terms same thing

18. discrimination (CC AND OC)

    NS (similar to CS) does NOT evoke CR sub in OC terms same thing

19. Higher order conditioning (CC)

    CS as US for NEW CR. 1st order 2nd order etc

20. BF skinner

    pioneer of operant conditioning in animals experiments

21. Skinner Box:

    OC closure, animal makes recorded response, controlled consequence has resinforcement contingencies. DV: response rate. measured by cumulative recorder

22. reinforcement conditingencies:

    circumstances/ rules determining if/what responses lead to reinforcement/consequences

23. Operant Conditioning

    reinforcement/punishment emits behavior/responses (temporally, response precedes reinforcement. behavior is voluntarily in anticipation of reinforcement/ punishment).

24. Classical conditioning

    stimulus elicits response

25. Reinforcement

    consequence in OC increases tendency to repeat preceding behavior/ response

26. + reinforcement

    add something that increases tendency to repeat behavior/ response

27. (-) reinforcement

    remove something that increases tendency to repeat behavior/response

28. punishment

    consequence in OC decreases tendency to repeat preceding behavior/response

29. + punishment

    add something that decreases tendency to repeat preceding behavior/response

30. (-) punishment

    remove something that decreases tendency to repeat preceding behavior/ response

31. acquisition (OC)

    behavior/ response and consequence (reinforcement/punishment) association

32. extinction (OC)

    weakening of behavior/response after consequence stops following behavior

33. shaping

    consequences that lead to a closer and closer approximation of desired behavior/response

34. schedules of reinforcers

    OC continuous reinforcement: reinforcement after every target behavior intermittent reinforcement: fixed Ratio: reinfocement after every x behavior variable ratio: reinforcement after (on avg) every x behavior fixed interval: reinforcement after x amount of time passes and behavior performed variable ratio: reinforcement after (on avg) x amount of time and behavior performed

35. fixed ratio

    OC reinforcement after every x response stepwise pattern: quick response, takes a break, then does again very quickly

36. variable ratio

    OC reinforcement after every (on avg) x response straight line up: most consistent, quick responses most resistant to extinction

37. fixed interval

    OC reinforcement after x amount of time and response done scalloped pattern: break, more frequent as time passes

38. variable interval

    OC reinforcement after (on avg) x amount of time and response done straight line, consistent response to behavior- slow. least good at establishing a response.

39. corporal punishment

    poor parent child relationship more aggression in child, more delinquency, more behavior problems, more crime slow cognitive development, more mental health issues correlational but some causational suggestions

40. john garcia

    conditioned taste aversion

41. consitioned taste aversion is ___ conditioning? why?

    Clasical! Not operant NS: steak sauce US: the flu CS: nasuea NS -> CS eliciting CR (nausea) predisposition of humans o make connections between taste and nausua: evolutionay advantage not OC bc response/ behavior has nothing to do with consequence.

42. Instinctive drift

    OC doesn't tend to produce effects if it goes against animals natural instincts

43. preparedness

    species specific predispositions to be conditioned in some ways and not others

44. preparedness and phobias

    human tendency to develop conditioned fears of snakes, spiders, hights, dark... genune threats to ancient ancestors)

45. theory of preparedness:

    evolved module for learning preferentially activated (survival threats) automatically activated by survival threats relatively resistant to conscious efforts to suppress fear dependent on neural circuitry running through amygdala

46. phobias (CC and OC) establishes how?)

    classical conditioning establishes phobia: US: spider (bites you) UR: In pain CS: spider perceived CR: fear of oncoming pain operant conditioning maintains because of perceived CR: (pain) behavior: avoid spider consequence: fear goes away (-) reinforcement: removal of fear causes tendency to avoid spiders to increase.

47. Behavioralists CC model

    Stimulus response (CR)

48. Watson view of CC

    Behavioralist internal processes don't EXIST

49. Skinner view of CC

    Behavioralist internal processes exist, don't effect behavior

50. Later Behavioralists CC model

    Stimulus Organismal Factors Response (SOR)

51. Edward tolma (general)

    behavioralism introduced cognitive flavor to operant conditioning SOR > SR model

52. edward tolman experiment

    3 groups of mice group 1: reinforcement after every maze trial 2: no reinforcement 3: reinforcement after 10th trial sudden increase in maze speed on 11th trial for group 3: mental representation of map motivation important for conditioning learning can take place without reinforcement!!

53. Robert Rescorla experiment

    Signal relations: predictive value of conditioned stimulus 1st group rats: tone = shock every time -> strong fear group 2 rats: tone = shock sometimes -> weak fear. predictive value of stimulus is calculated in organisms mind.

54. signal relations experiment

    robert rescorla predictive value of conditioned stimulus 1st group rats: tone = shock every time -> strong fear group 2 rats: tone = shock sometimes -> weak fear. predictive value of stimulus is calculated in organisms mind.

55. cognitive response outcome relations + reinforcement summary

    consequences don't automatically reinforce/punish behavior casual and correlational relations are evaluated by organism (rescorla) noncontingent reinforcement, cognitive biases, irrational reasoning, etc contribute to superstitious behavior contingencies that govern events drive learning

56. albert bandura

    observational learning

57. observational learning

    albert bandura cognitive processes involved in learning: learn vicariously by observing CC and OC not just mental map (edward toldman) and predictive values (rescorla)- more!

58. observational learnng aquisition

    attention: did you observe it retention: how long you remember observation reproduction: can you reproduce observed repose motivation: won't produce reponse unless it'll benefit you