TMSCA MSSC Review
77 flashcards · Other · by Ronuk Gadamsetty
Map Basics Cartographers are people who make maps A map is a model that shows the Earth’s surface
Map Projections Since the Earth is a sphere, it cannot be properly shown on a flat piece of paper Different types of maps or different projections show some parts of the Earth correctly and others incorrectly Mercator Projection The correct shape of landmass/countries but not the right size Equal-Area Projection Correct size of the land masses but the shapes are wrong Makes an oval-shaped map
Mercator Projection Equal-Area Projection
Latitude & Longitude Latitude & Longitude lines are used to identify places on Earth Latitude is the parallel lines (also called parallels) on maps, the go around the Earth in an East-West direction The Equator is the central line of latitude, is at 0 degrees The Equator divides Earth into Northern & Southern Hemispheres Longitude are vertical lines (also called meridians) on maps and they go North-South direction Longitude lines cross each other at the North & South poles Prime Meridian is the…
Map Scales Map scales tell you how to convert a distance on a map to distance in real life The bigger the ratio of the map scale, the more detailed the map 1:4000 ratio is more detailed than 1:400,000
Map Legends Map Legends tell you what symbols on a map mean
Topographic Maps Topographic Maps show elevation which are the heights of different places The elevation is the height of land above or below the sea level Sea level has an elevation of 0 ft or m Topography means the shape of the land
Contour Lines Topographic maps show elevations using contour lines Index Contour Lines show elevations in intervals Contour lines connect different points that have the same elevation, contour lines never cross each other because each line is at a different elevation Contour Interval is the difference in elevation between 2 contour lines The closer the contour lines are, the steeper that area is A series of contour circles is going to represent a mountain, hill, or maybe a crater V-shape in the…
Earth Structure & Comparison The crust is about 5-10 km thick for oceanic crust 20-70 km thick for continental Mainly solid rock Outermost layer Tectonic plates float on the liquid Asthenosphere The mantle is 2900 km thick High temps of 2800-3200 C The upper part of the mantle is where rocks melt to make magma Magma is called lava once it reaches the Earth’s surface Outer Core is 2250 km thick Mostly liquid iron & nickel 4000-5000 C Inner Core is 1280 km thick Solid iron & nickel Pressure keeps…
Earth’s Size & Shape Earth is almost a sphere Earth is flattened at the poles but is wider/bulges at the Equator Earth is tilted on an axis at 23.5 degrees
Minerals A mineral is a naturally formed solid that has a crystal structure The crystal structure is a uniform pattern that the particles of a substance follow Different crystal structures help determine the properties of minerals Minerals have different properties used to identify them Hardness is one property used to identify minerals Hardness is how easy it is to scratch a rock Friedrich Mohs developed a scale that compares the hardness of any mineral to 10 common minerals Other physical pro…
Rocks Rocks are formed as a mixture of minerals with other materials Igneous Rocks Formed when lava cools down Rocks that form from quickly cooling lava are called extrusive or volcanic rock and they have smaller grains Intrusive or plutonic rocks are formed when lava cools slowly and have large mineral grains Sedimentary Rocks Pieces of rock, minerals, fossils, dissolved minerals all make up sediment Sedimentary rock is going to be formed when pressure pushes sediments together to make a large…
Igneous Rocks The Rock Cycle
The Theory of Continental Drift 1912, Alfred Wegener developed the theory of Continental Drift Continents are moving and were once connected to make a large landmass The same fossils on different continents helped prove this theory Theory of Plate Tectonics is a more developed version of the Theory of Continental Drift
Lithospheric Plates The solid crust floats on top of the Asthenosphere which is the upper liquid layer of the mantle Material deep in the mantle is heated, it moves up since it is less dense, once it reaches the lithosphere it starts to cool and spread out and then sink back down because its density increases also making the lithospheric plates move Convection Current is the movement of mantle caused by its uneven heating Convection currents move the liquid mantle material to the side and as th…
Plate Boundaries Plate boundaries are where tectonic plates meet each other and they interact with each other 7 main tectonic plates (1 for each continent): North American, South America, Pacific, Eurasian, African, Indo-Australian, Antarctic plates The behavior of the plate boundaries depends on what type of tectonic plates are at the boundary
Plate Boundaries Oceanic Crust & Continental Crust Oceanic is denser Oceanic is made of basalt Continental is made of granite Oceanic crust is younger than continental crust Convergent Boundary Makes mountains, volcanoes, earthquakes Andes mountains were formed by the Nazca Plate converging into the South American Subduction is when one plate sinks underneath another Oceanic-Oceanic convergent boundary, the older oceanic crust subducts because it is denser Continental crust will not subduct bec…
Map of Plate Boundaries Ring of Fire is a belt of volcano and earthquakes that follow the Pacific plate Nazca plate Juan de Fuca plate
Earthquakes Movement of tectonic plates at faults/transform boundaries builds up pressure leading to a quick release of the built-up pressure which is an earthquake Pressure releases lead to seismic waves being released from the epicenter The epicenter is on the surface directly above the focus Seismic Waves P-waves/Primary Waves stretch and compress land as they move Secondary Waves/S-waves move the land side-to-side Land Waves/L-Waves form when p & S-waves combine, they shift the land up and…
Mountain Building and Volcanoes Uplift is the lift of land because of forces in the crust Subsidence is the sinking of the land because of crust movement The movement of plates form mountains 3 types of mountains: folded, fault-block, volcanic mountains Folding mountains are formed when lithospheric plates collide like the Himalayas Fault-block mountains are when crust on either side of a fault is dropped below or pushed above the surrounding land, happens at convergent or divergent boundaries…
Weathering, Soil, Erosion Weathering breaks up rock into smaller pieces could be caused by physical processes flowing water, freezing water, wind, plants or by chemical weathering Mechanical/Physical Weathering Ice forming or is called Ice Wedging Release of Pressure Decrease of pressure when large rocks reach the surface leads to pieces of rock breaking down Abrasion caused by moving water and air carrying small particles Plants Chemical Weathering Changes the chemical makeup of rocks and mine…
Soil Soil is a mixture of rock, mineral particles, organic matter Weathering forms the rock and mineral particles or the inorganic parts of the soils Decomposition of organisms leads to the organic matter Humus is the organic matter in the soil Each Soil horizon has different or a variety of organisms living in them
Erosion & Deposition Erosion moves the particles made by weathering Deposition is when the particles are left behind Moving Water Forms delta which is where rivers deposit sediment when they enter the ocean Ice Moving glaciers move rocks with them Wind Gravity
Divides & Drainage Basins A drainage basin is the same thing as a watershed A divide is a line of high land where water runs down one side or the other Water runs down to form streams which combine to make rivers A drainage basin is all of the lands where the water collects and flows towards a river Large Drainage Basins can be made up of small drainage basins The largest drainage basin is land between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains Great Continental Divide runs through the R…
Earth History Earth is ~4.6 billion years old
Geologic Principles James Hutton in 1795 published the principle of uniformitarianism Principle of Uniformitarianism says that the processes we see changing the surface now are the same processes that were always acting on the Earth’s surface Principle of Superposition says that upper layers of sedimentary rock are younger than the deeper layers unless something disturbed the layers
Geologic Cross-Sections Magma can move through the cracks of sedimentary rocks Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships tells you that features that break through the layers of sedimentary rock are younger than all the layers of sedimentary rock they cut through After layers are formed, uplift can raise them to surface where erosion wears them away An unconformity is a place where rock layers are missing Rock layers can form over an unconformity, these new rock layers weren’t formed in the same…
Relative & Absolute Age Dating Relative Age Dating uses the principle of superposition to describe the age of an object in comparison to another object Absolute Age is the exact age in years for an object/event Carbon-14 Dating Isotopes are the same element atoms but with different number of neutrons Most carbon atoms have 12 neutrons and are called C-12 Isotope C-14 has 14 neutrons C-14 has a half-life of 5730 years or it takes 5730 years for half of the C-14 to radioactively decay Measuring t…
Fossils Fossils are remains/evidence that an organism leaves behind in the rock Most fossils form in sedimentary rock, hard parts of organisms usually survive Petrified Fossils forms when minerals replace the hard parts that were trapped, most dinosaur bones are petrified fossils Trace Fossils are things like footprints, tracks, and trails that an organism leaves behind that it lived The cast is a model in the shape of a living thing or its remains, it forms when minerals/rock fills the space o…
Earth’s Continents Through Time Pangaea was there during the Triassic period to the beginning of the Mesozoic Era Single ocean was called Panthalassa Precambrian Era makes up 8/9 of time on Earth Phanerozoic Eon makes up 1/9 of all time
Oceanography Earth’s surface is 71% ocean Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Southern Ocean All oceans are saltwater
Ocean Water The salinity of water comes from multiple elements Ocean water has a salinity of 3.5 percent or 35 grams of salt per 1 kg of water Ocean water is denser than freshwater Seawater has a density of 1.035g/cm^3 Freshwater has a density of 1.000 g/cm^3 Ocean water temp is warmer when it’s near the equator, near the surface of the ocean, ocean currents flowing away from the equator
Surface Ocean Currents Surface Currents are flowing water that moves on the ocean’s surface Surface currents are driven by the wind blowing on the surface of the ocean Warm and cold currents Warm currents move away from the equator and Cold currents move towards the equator
Coriolis Effect Paths of wind & ocean currents curve cause of Earth’s rotation As something moves above the Earth, the Earth continues to rotate causing the deflection or the Coriolis effect
Subsurface Currents/Deep-Ocean Circulation Subsurface currents are pushed by the differences of density in water
Ocean Floor Passive Continental Margin Continents go beyond the shoreline to underwater Continental Margin extends below the water, is made up of continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise Submarine Canyons are cut into the continental margins by flow water or rivers or something like that Active Continental Margin Has a plate boundary Continental shelves are more narrow than in a passive continental margin Deep-sea trenches Volcanoes & earthquakes are common Mid-ocean ridges are th…
Ocean-Life Zones Intertidal Zone Is the part of the shore between high and low tide lines Covered by water during high tide and uncovered during low tide Organisms have adaptations to survive the constant flow of water Can support photosynthesis Neritic Zone Is the area of water above the continental shelf Is anywhere from a few meters to 200 meters deep Enough sunlight for photosynthesis Plankton are producers/photosynthetic organisms near the surface Nekton are free-swimming organisms like fi…
Earth's Atmosphere Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere The atmosphere is the mixture of gases that surrounds the surface of the Earth, it goes ~600 km above Earth’s surface
Composition of the Atmosphere The atmosphere used to be poisonous and changed allowing organisms to survive Ozone Layer is made up of oxygen and protects organisms from Sun’s Radiation 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen
Layers of the Atmosphere Exosphere Outermost layer Temperature goes up with altitude Satellites Thermosphere Hottest layer Temperature goes up with altitude Auroras/Northern lights Mesosphere Temperature decreases with altitude Coldest layer Meteors burn up in this layer Radio waves reflected to Earth in this layer Stratosphere Temperature goes up with altitude Most planes fly here Has the ozone layer Troposphere Layer nearest Earth All the weather Most of the air in the atmosphere is in this l…
Global Winds & Jet Stream Global Winds are winds that blow across the Earth for thousands of kilometers Some blow in the lower atmosphere, others blow in the upper atmosphere Global winds push weather Low-altitude winds move in north-south or south-north directions Air is heated at the equator, moves to the poles, cools and sinks and once again moves to the equators Winds have a curved path because of the Coriolis effect Jet Stream is a global, high-altitude wind that blows up to 350 km/hr betw…
Weather Weather is the atmospheric conditions at a certain place and time Weather is caused by 4 factors: heat, air pressure, wind, moisture
Collecting Weather Data Weather Satellites are used to collect storm data and other weather phenomenon Radar stands for Radio Detecting and Ranging Works kind of like echolocation but instead sends out radio signals that are then reflected by the clouds and rain The reflected signals are processed by computers and give a reading about the weather A system of weather stations that provide local weather data Station Model shows how data from a weather station looks on a weather map
Air Masses Air mass is body of air that has a certain temperature and amount of moisture 4 types Maritime Tropical Air mass forms over the ocean near the equator and is made of warm, moist air Maritime Polar Air Mass forms over the ocean north of the U.S., made of cool, moist air Continental Tropical Air Mass is made of hot, dry air, forms over Mexico and moves north in summer Continental Polar Air Mass is made of cold, dry air, forms over Canada and moves into the U.S. in winter
Weather Fronts Leading edge of an air mass is called a front Weather front is where 2 warm or cold air masses meet each other 4 types of weather fronts Cold Front has violent storms which are followed by fair, cool weather Warm fronts has rain, showers which are followed by more humid weather Occluded Front brings light rain and other precipitation Stationary Fronts bring precipitation for multiple days
Clouds Clouds are masses of water droplets or ice crystals in the troposphere Clouds form when rising air cools to its dew point making the water condense into droplets Most droplets in clouds form around dust particles Higher clouds are made of ice crystals Cirrus/Cirro- is a wispy, feathery cloud, made of ice crystals, usually at the leading edge of a warm front Cumulus/Cumulo- are puffy clouds, middle altitude, fair-weather, form/condense and evaporate/disappear quickly Nimbo-/-nimbus means…
Air Pressure Air/Barometric Pressure is the weight of the air pressing down on the Earth’s surface Air Pressure changes tells you about changes in weather Falling air pressure means stormy weather, rising air pressure means fair weather Air pressure is usually measured in units called millibars/mb, millimeters mercury/mm Hg, or inches of mercury/in. Hg Standard Air Pressure at Sea Level is 1013.2 mb, 760 mm Hg, or 29.92 in. Hg Isobars are lines on a weather map that connect points with the same…
Wind Wind is caused by differences in air pressure Air moves from high pressure areas to low pressure areas, the bigger the difference in the air pressure, the faster the wind Wind speed and direction are the 2 weather conditions that are reported Wind direction is the direction that the wind blows from and can be found by using a wind/weather vane Anemometer is the instrument that determines wind speed
Humidity & Dew Point Humidity is the amount of moisture in the air Relative Humidity is a comparison of the amount of water vapor in the air (specific humidity) to the maximum amount of water vapor that the air can hold at a certain temperature Saturated is when the air is holding as much water vapor as possible Psychrometer is used to measure relative humidity Dew is water vapor that has condensed onto a surface as liquid water Dew Point is the temperature at which the air near a surface is sa…
Climate Climate is the general weather pattern of an area over time, this includes the changes in weather from the change in seasons Factors affecting Climate Latitude distance (north or south) from the equator Elevation is height above sea level, higher elevation means decrease in temp Topography/shape of the land affects the amount of precipitation an area receives Distance from Water Water temp rises & falls slower than land or air temp Water can regulate the temperature of shoreline areas G…
El Nino Unusual warming of ocean off the coast of Peru Happens every few years Usually starts with changes in trade winds and air pressure over the South Pacific Normally, strong trade winds push warm water layer away, allowing cold water with nutrients to come to surface During El Nino, the trade winds are weak and can’t push the warm water away meaning the surface water doesn’t have many nutrients The warmer water affects the rainfall in certain areas leading to droughts in places near land L…
Astronomy Astronomy is the study of outer space
Rotation Earth spins on its axis which is tilted at 23.5 degrees Earth rotates from west to east The length of day and night changes because the Earth is tilted on its axis compared to the orbital plane, which is the surface that Earth orbits the Sun
Revolution & Seasons Orbit is defined as the path an object takes as it moves around another object, like how the Earth moves around the Sun 1 Revolution around the Sun for the Earth takes 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46 seconds Tilted axis combined with revolution around the Sun leads to Seasons Earth is most tilted towards the Sun on June 21 & December 21 which are called winter and summer solstices depending on your location When the Earth isn’t tilted towards the Sun it is called an Equin…
Moon Phases Moon is lit up by reflecting sunlight Moon phases take place as moon orbits Earth The 8 main moon phases taake 27.3 days to complete Start at the bottom, continue counterclockwise New Moon Waxing Crescent First Quarter Waxing Gibbous Full Moon Waning Gibbous Last Quarter Waning Crescent
Eclipses Eclipse happens when 1 object in space casts a shadow over another object Total and Partial Solar Eclipse Total Solar Eclipse is when Moon blocks Sun from sky Partial Solar Eclipse is when Moon only blocks part of the Sun from the Sky If a lunar eclipse occurs, then the "lunar" object is being blocked by the earth If a solar eclipse occurs, then the "solar" object is being blocked by the moon
Tides Tides are a regular change in ocean water levels that are caused by the pull of gravity between the Moon & the Earth Tides most commonly change 4 times a day About 6 hours between every change in tide Spring Tides: "Extreme" Tides Phases: New Moon and Full Moon Neap Tides: "Moderate" Tides Phases: First Quarter and Third Quarter
Solar System Objects Solar System includes everything within the gravitational pull of the Sun Sun has a diameter of 1,390,180 Sun uses Nuclear Fusion to produce energy and light, it combines hydrogen to make helium leading to a release of energy
Earth’s Moon Moon is a natural satellite of the Earth Avg Distance between Earth and Moon is 384,400 km Diameter of the Moon is 3476 km Same side of the Moon always faces the Earth, because its orbit is locked with Earth’s rotation Galileo Galilei was the first person to look at the Moon with a telescope Galileo named the dark plains of the moon as maria because he thought they were oceans Singular of Maria is Mare Maria are really just made of Basalt, a volcanic rock, showing that Moon used to…
Planets (in order) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune Terrestrial Planets are those with rocky surfaces and cores made of iron Craters are common Gas Giants are planets that a surface made of a slush that forms from the gaseous atmosphere Solid cores that are partially made of iron Pluto is not a terrestrial planet or a gas giant Surface is made of gases frozen into ice Pluto has a moon called Charon
Asteroids Asteroids are large rocks that are too small to be planets Most are located in the Asteroid Belt that is between Mars and Jupiter Most Asteroids are just shaped like rocks
Comets Comet is a mixture of frozen gases, including water, and particles of dust nucleus of a comet is going to be a few kilometers across, its mass is around 1000 billion metric tons Coma which is a cloud of dust and gases surrounds the core of the comet Core & Coma form the comet’s head Tail of comet which is gas and dust given off of the comet can extend millions of km into space Halley’s Comet revolves around the Sun 1 time every 76 years Solar Wind, particles form the Sun, rub away the he…
Meteors Meteor is a streak of light that forms as a asteroid or space rock burns up in the Earth’s atmosphere Meteorite is a space rock that hits the Earth’s surface Meteor Shower is multiple meteors burning up in the atmosphere at the same time
Stars Stars are objects in space made of gas that produce their own light and heat Proxima Centauri is the nearest star other than the Sun to the Earth, it is 4.24 lightyears away Sirius is the Brightest star Polaris is the north star Light year is equal to 9.5 trillion km, distance light travels in 1 year Nuclear Fusion happens when hydrogen atoms are combined to make Helium atoms releasing energy and light Different stars produce different amounts of energy leading to different colors and sur…
Absolute & Apparent Magnitude Brightness of a star depends on size and distance from Earth Magnitude is the brightness of a star Apparent Magnitude is how bright a star is from Earth Absolute Magnitude is how bright the star is if all stars were the same distance from Earth Star magnitude is shown with numbers, lower number is brighter
Galaxies Galaxy is like a family of stars that move throughout space together Milky Way Galaxy has about 200 billion stars 3 main types of galaxies: spiral, elliptical, irregular Large & Small Magellanic Clouds are the 2 closest galaxies, both are irregular
Constellations Constellations are patterns of stars in the night sky 88 constellations Can see different constellations based on your location on Earth and the season and time of the year Spring Constellations in the Northern Hemisphere The Big Dipper is an asterism, a recognized, but not official, grouping of stars.
Atoms Protons: In the nucleus of an atom, positive charge, mass of 1 amu Neutrons: In the nucleus, neutral charge, mass of 1 amu Electrons: Electron cloud, in the electron cloud of an atom, negative charge. Very tiny weight, does not really matter. Atomic weight: number of protons + number of neutrons Not all atoms of the same element have the same number of neutrons. Carbon: some atoms have 6 neutrons, others 7 or 8! Known as isotopes What defines the element of an atom is # of protons. Carbon…
Atom Discovery: Democritus (Greece), atom cannot be broken apart, 440 BC John Dalton: atomic theory Everything is made of atoms Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or changed Tiny spheres JJ Thompson: plum-pudding model Cathode ray tube Electrons: negatively charged particles in an atom Spheres with electron “dots” stuck to outside Ernest Rutherford: Atoms were mostly empty space Atoms had a middle, nucleus that is positively charged Niels Bohr Bohr model Electron Cloud Model Schroedinger
Bohr Model Electron Cloud Model
Elements, Molecules, Compounds Element: multiple atoms of the same type. Simplest form of matter. EX: gold bar, O2, 2 oxygen atoms Molecule: 2 or more atoms combine together. EX: water, CO2, O2 (2 oxygen molecules combined together. O2, N2, H2 are called elemental molecules, diatomic molecules too) Compound: 2 or more different atoms chemically combined. H2O, CO2, CH4. The compound acquires new properties when created known as emergent properties Na is a toxic, reactive metal, Cl is a toxic gas…
Chemical Bonds: force that holds atoms together Ionic Bonds: One atom gives away 1 or more electrons, the other atom accepts these electrons given away. This makes each atom an ion, a charged particle Ion: atom with a charge. In a neutral atom, # protons = # electrons. But, in an ion, the atom gains or loses electrons, so no balance of charge Cation = positive ion Anion = negative ion Octet Rule: the goal of every atom is to get 8 electrons in the outer shell. If the atom only has one shell lik…
Covalent Bond Ionic Bond
Compound Families: Ionic compounds: salts-- they dissolve in water. Arranged in crystals (halite: rock salt mineral, made of salt crystals), they conduct electricity in water. Salt water conducts electricity. Ionic compounds have a high melting point. Ionic bonds are very strong! Covalent Compounds: low melting point (0 celsius), some covalent compounds don’t dissolve in water. Others do dissolve (sugar). When you dissolve sugar in water it doesn’t conduct electricity. Acids and Bases: An acid…
The Periodic Table a chart of all the elements in the universe. Created by Dmitri Mendeleev. He was able to predict new elements that weren’t found yet! Main info: Atomic Number (top) and atomic mass (bottom). Elements are sorted by atomic number. Group: vertical column on periodic table. Each group has the same chemical properties. Based on the “A’s” such as group 1A, 2A, 3A, etc, you can find the # of valence electrons. The middle chunk, and bottom row, don’t follow this rule. Group 1A: Alkal…
Chemical Reactions Chemical Formula: a shorthand way to describe a compound. Water is written as H2O. Carbon Dioxide CO2. The first letter of each different element is capitalized. CaCO3 = calcium carbonate. Ca(NO3)2 . Ion Notation: Na+ is a sodium ion, Cl- is chlorine ion. Ca2+, Al3+. Ca2+, Cl-. CaCl2 Electron-dot diagrams: represent an atom’s valence electrons. Coefficient: tells you the number of that molecule that are involved. Yield Arrow: → separates reactants and products Reactants: Left…
Electron Dot Diagrams Chemical Equations
Force and Motion Force: push or pull on an object Gravity: force between two objects that have mass Mass: The amount of matter in an object Weight: the pull of gravity (gravitational force) on an object. Electromagnetic Force (electric+magnetic): Created by positive and negative charges Like charges repel, opposite charges attract List of elements attracted to magnets Zinc Iron Nickel Cobalt (not an element), but steel Most magnets are made of magnetite. Note: Gravity, electric force, and magne…
Centripetal Force
Balanced/Unbalanced Forces Forces have a direction. Sometimes two forces are pointed in the same direction. You add these two forces together. Opposite forces = subtract. Net force = sum up all the forces, positive and negative, etc. Vectors = quantities with a direction, +/- tells us direction. Usually, up and right are +, and down or left are negative. EX: Two ppl tug on a rope. One person pulls with a force of 200N left, another person pulls with force of 250N right. Net force = ? Set up coo…
Newton's Laws of Motion 1st Law: An object will stay in motion until acted on by an unbalanced force. An object will stay at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. THIS ONLY TRULY WORKS IN A FRICTIONLESS VACUUM (aka outer space). Inertia (the tendency of an object to resist changes in motion, inertia = mass, basically). 2nd Law: Force = mass * acceleration. Just because there is no acceleration or force does not mean that there is no motion whatsoever (constant velocity). Gravitational ac…
Simple Machines a simple machine makes work easier. The amount of work done never changes. But, a simple machine decreases amount of force required, but it spreads that force out over a longer distance. SO, WORK NEVER CHANGES. Mechanical Advantage: The factor by which a simple machine makes the job easier. MA = Output force/Input Force. The simple machine multiplies your input force to create a bigger output force. Inclined Plane Wedge: inclined plane that is sharp and moves. Screw: wrap an inc…
Classes of Levers Types of Pulleys
Forces In Fluids Fluid: a liquid or gas. Behave pretty similarly Pressure: Force/Area. PSI = pounds/square inch. SI Unit of pressure is the PASCAL (1 pascal = 1 N/m^2). Another important unit is the atmosphere (Atm): 1 atm = the air pressure at sea level. 1 atm = 100,000 pascals. Kilopascal is also important, 1 kPa = 1000 Pa Third important unit is mmHg (millimeters of mercury). 760 mmHg = 1 atm. As you go deeper into the sea, water pressure increases. As you go higher into the atmosphere, air…
Bernoulli's Airfoil: