Histology Exam 3 Final

121 flashcards · Other · by Jared Blackwell

  1. Label the tunicae of Vessels

    Tunica intima ('in'nermost - pink) Tunica media (inter'media'te - red) Tunica adventitia (outermost)

  2. What are the three parts of the Tunica Intima?

    -Endothelium: simple squamous lining -Subendothelial layer: Loose connective tissue -Internal elastic lamina: Elastic CT

  3. Endothelium of Tunica Intima. -Simple squamous with basal lamina. -Lines lumen of ALL vessels. -Secrete von Willebrand factor for clotting, vascular tone, semi-permeable barrier between blood and interstitial fluid. -Contain Weibel-Palade bodies, storage granules containing P-selectin and con Willebrand factor.

  4. Endothelium of Tunica Intima. -Simple squamous with basal lamina. -Lines lumen of ALL vessels. -Secrete von Willebrand factor for clotting, vascular tone, semi-permeable barrier between blood and interstitial fluid. -Contain Weibel-Palade bodies, storage granules containing P-selectin and von Willebrand factor. Leukocyte attraction and clotting factor.

  5. Endothelium, Basal lamina, CT. Contains Weibel-Palade bodies. Storage granules the have P-selectin and von Willebrand factor. Leukocyte attraction and clotting factor.

  6. Endothelium - Tunica Intima

  7. Subendothelial Layer - Tunica Intima. -Site of inflammatory response. -Atherosclerosis may develop due to macrophage and SM cells forming plaque in subendothelial layer. -Loose CT -Type I collagen, elastic, reticular fibers. -Fibroblasts, macrophages. -Scattered SM cells.

  8. Internal Elastic Lamina (IEL) - Tunica Intima -Fenestrated sheet of elastin, helps resiliency and diffusion deeper into vessel. -Present in arteries and largest veins. -Stain pale w/ H&E stain; Dark with orcein.

  9. What are the parts of Tunica Media?

    Smooth muscle: vasoconstriction. External elastic lamina: Elastic CT.

  10. Tunica Media -Layers of SM cells for vasoconstriction. SM also secrete PGs and elastic fibers. -NO fibroblasts, secrete PGs & elastic fibers. -Surrounded by external lamina that communicate via gap junctions.

  11. Tunica Media -Smooth muscle cells for vasoconstriction. -Surrounded by external elastic lamina that communicate with gap junctions. -NO fibroblasts, secrete PGs & elastic fibers.

  12. Tunica Media -Blue is the External Elastic Lamina. Communicate with gap junctions. -EEL fenestrated elastic layer, separates media from adventitia.

  13. What are the parts of Tunica Adventitia?

    -Dense CT: anchor nearby structures. -Autonimic Nerves: Regulate muscle tone. ANS nerves control contraction of smooth muscle. -Vasa vasorum: Vessels of the vessels. Nourish adventitia & media for larger vessels. More abundant in Veins.

  14. Tunica Adventitia -Fibroblasts: Type I collagen & Elastic Fibers. -Continuous with CT surrounding vessel.

  15. Tunica Adventitia -Fibroblasts: Type I collagen & Elastic Fibers. -Continuous with CT surrounding vessel.

  16. First part is Media. Second is Adventitia.

  17. What are the three layers of Heart?

    Endocardium - innermost. Myocardium - intermedaite. Epicardium - outermost. *corresponds to Tunicae

  18. Endocardium. Yellow - Endothelium & subendothelial CT (cardiac vessels). Blue - Subendocardial layer. Loose CT, Purkinje fibers, autonomic nerves. Red - CT. Right is the myocardium. Infective endocarditis - bacteria enters blood during oral procedure & infects endocardium and valves.

  19. Blue - Endothelium & subendothelial CT. Purple - Myocardium

  20. Myocardium. Myocardium is continuous with tunica media. Thickest layer. Complex spiral of cardiac muscle - branching network of fibers.

  21. Epicardium - visceral layer of pericardium. Coronary vessel - vasa vasorum of heart. Mesothelium - simple squamous epithelium. Supported by loose CT, adipose tissue. (Me: top label) Has Coronary vessels.

  22. Vein and Artery. Artery has thicker wall, tunica media more developed. Vein thinner wall, lumen is larger and irregularly shaped. Tunica adventitia more developed with priment vasa vasorum in larger veins. *Use tunica media to distguish artery types.

  23. Artery, Vein, Arteriole, Venule? What type?

    Elastic (conducting) Artery -Most proximal; largest diameter. Aorta & its large branches. Tunica intima: well developed. Tunica media: 40-70 layers of smooth muscle. LARGE media. Tunica adventitia: thinner than media. Endothelium and Small blood vessels. Resiliency of elastic lamellae (EEL of media) make blood flow uniform. (Red)

  24. Artery, Vein, Arteriole, Venule? What type?

    Large Vein - IVC, SVC, brachiocephallic. Accompany elastic arteries. Intima: well developed, fewer/no valves. May have IEL. Media: THIN. May barely exist or have some muscle cells when approaching heart. Adventitia: THICK. Promient vasa vasorum with collagen bundles and smooth muscle.

  25. IEL --> TM --> EEL --> TA

  26. Artery, Vein, Arteriole, Venule? What type?

    Muscular (Distributing) Artery. -Distributes blood to organs. Axillary, brachial, radial, femoral, etc. Intima: THIN subendothelial layer, prominent IEL. Media: 5-40 layers of smooth muscle. Prominent EEL. (green). Adventitia: Thinner than media. (purple). IEL --> TM --> EEL --> TA.

  27. Artery, Vein, Arteriole, Venule? What type?

    Medium Vein - brachial, radial vein. Accompany muscular arteries. Intima: THIN or NO IEL. May have valves. Media: NO EEL, few layers. Adventitia: Thickest layer of collagen bundles and elastic fibers. Blood through medium veins has LOW pressure. Contraction of surrounding muscles/organs help move blood to heart.

  28. Do medium veins have valves?

    Yes, paired semilunar folds of tunica intima. Keep blood flow toward heart. Many valves in lower extremity. Varicose veins result in loss of elasticity, blood pools.

  29. Valves of Medium veins. Paired semilunar folds of tunica intima.

  30. Valves, endothelium, and tunica media.

  31. Artery, Vein, Arteriole, Venule? What type?

    Arteriole. Intima: IEL present in largest arterioles, otherwise NONE. Media: Few layers of smooth muscle. NO EEL. Adventitia: VERY thin, NO vasa vasorum. Endothelium, Media, Adventitia.

  32. Artery, Vein, Arteriole, Venule? What type?

    Venule (muscular venule) Originate from capillary beds. Accompany arterioles. LARGE lumen, thin walls. Media: has pericytes (stem cells). Smooth muscle in larger venules 3 layers. Smallest venules are post-capillary venules - site of WBC diapedesis.

  33. What are the types of capillaries and functions?

  34. Continuous Capillary (Type I) Most common. In skin, lungs, muscle tissue & nervous tissue. Abundant pinocytoic vesicles. Continuous basal lamina, tight junction between endothelial cells.

  35. Fenestrated Capillary (Type II) In endocrine glands, intestines, kidneys. Larger than type I. Continuous basal lamina. Pores covered by diaphragms.

  36. Sinusoidal Capillary (Discontinuous) In bone marrow, liver, spleen. Largest. 30-40 microns. Large pores with NO diaphragms. Gaps between cells. Discontinuous basal lamina.

  37. Pericyte Surrounded by endothelial cells (share same basal lamina) May act as stem cells after injury to endothelium or smooth muscle. Contractile function.

  38. Pericyte Surrounded by endothelial cells (share same basal lamina) May act as stem cells after injury to endothelium or smooth muscle.

  39. Pericyte Surrounded by endothelial cells (share same basal lamina) May act as stem cells after injury to endothelium or smooth muscle.

  40. Renal lobe: 1 pyramid + cortical tissue at base and sides. Drain into minor calyx. Capsule --> Cortex --> Column -> Pyramind --> Minor calyx (blue).

  41. Describe renal blood flow.

    1.Renal artery 2.Segmental artery 3.Interlobar artery 4.Arcuate artery 5.Interlobar artery, Afferent arteriole, Glomerulus, Efferent arteriole 6.Peritubular capillaries (convulated tubules) 7.Vasa recta (nephron loop) 8.Interlobar vein 9.Arcuate vein 10.Interlobar vein 11.Renal vein

  42. Interlobular artery -> Afferent arteriole -> Glomerulus -> Efferent arteriole, drains into: Blue- Peritubular cappilary network Nourish cortex Reabsorb filtrate endothelium secrete erythropoietin. Yellow- Vasa recta Concentrates urine (medulla)

  43. Renal Corpuscle - Glomerulus + double-walled Bowman's capsule. Parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium Capsular (Urinary) space Visceral layer: covers glomerulus (podocytes)

  44. c

    Podocytes - epithelial cells, filtration barrier. Capsular space. Mesangial cells: secrete mesangium (Collagen & ground substance), regulate glomerular contraction, phagocytosis of debris.

  45. Capsular space (yellow) Filtration slits between Pedicels of podocytes. Fenestrations (blue) Basal lamina made by podocytes & endothelial cells. Capillary Lumen (pink)

  46. Podocyte Pedicels Glomerular capillary covered by podocytes with pedicels.

  47. 1.Endothelial fenestrations block blood cells. 2.Thick basal lamina (neg. charge GAGs) block large proteins and organic anions. 3.Filtration slit diagrams block small proteins and organic anions.

  48. Parietal layer. Capsular urinary space. Glomerulus Bottom: PCT -> MD -> DCT

  49. Proximal Tubule - reabsorption, over 50% of filtrate. -Simple cuboidal epithelium. -Irregular lumen because of brush border. -NO clear cell borders because of basolateral folds. *only tubule with brush border - microvilli.

  50. Proximal tubule

  51. Thin limb of LOH

  52. Thin limb of LOH -Concentrates urine. -Descending limb water passively exits, reabsorbed. -Ascending limb NaCl passively reabsorbed. *Only tubule with simple squamous epitheliuim. LOH = proximal straight tubule + thin limbs + distal straight tubule.

  53. Thin limb of LOH -Concentrates urine. -Descending limb water passively exits. -Ascending limb NaCl passively reabsorbed. *Only tubule with simple squamous epitheliuim. LOH = proximal straight tubule + thin limbs + distal straight tubule.

  54. Proximal tubule - irregular lumen. Distal tubule - shorter cells than PT.

  55. Distal Tubule -Ion reabsorption. -Simple cuboidal epithelium. -NO mitochondria -NO distinct border because basolateral folds. -Regular lumen.

  56. JGA - modified SM store & secrete renin. -Specialized region of distal tubule. -Near afferent arteriole. Sensor for low sodium, regulate BP. Macula densa - tightly packed columnar cells, sense Na+ and signal secretion of renin from JGA.

  57. JGA DT detects low sodium. Macula densa stimulate JGA JGA secrets renin to increase BP via vasoconstriction, increase blood volume via Na+ and water reabsorption.

  58. Collecting Duct - several nephrons drain into each CD. -Urine leave CD at renal papilla. -Simple cuboidal epithelium. -Distinct lateral border -LARGE, regular lumen. -Pale staining.

  59. Collecting Duct - several nephrons drain into each CD. -Urine leave CD at renal papilla. -Simple cuboidal epithelium. -Distinct lateral border -LARGE, regular lumen. -Pale staining.

  60. Renal cortex

  61. Cross section of Renal Medulla Thin loop. CD. A

  62. Renal Papilla - urine exits CD into renal papilla. Apex of renal pyramid. Minor calyx.

  63. Renal Papilla - urine exits CD into renal papilla. Apex of renal pyramid. Minor calyx. Area cribrosa, surface of papilla with pores. Site where urine enters minor calyx.

  64. Renal Papilla - urine exits CD into renal papilla. Apex of renal pyramid. Area cribrosa, surface of papilla with pores. Site where urine enters minor calyx.

  65. Describe urinary flow.

    Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Bladder Urethra

  66. Excretory Pasage: Mucosa - Transitional epithelium yellow... Red is lamina propria. Muscularis Adventitia

  67. Excretory Pasage: Mucosa - Red is transitional epithelium Black is lamina propria. (Fibroelastic CT). Lamina propria is sandwhiched between two dark layers. Dark - light -dark. Muscularis - Peristalsis Adventitia

  68. Transitional Epithelium: Stratified epithelium. Layers increase proximal to distal. ~2 in calyces, ~6 in urinary bladder Surface cells - "umbrella, dome shape" -protect cells from urine -Undistended: round, bulge into lumen. -Distended: flat Basal cells - stem cells. Lamina propria (part of mucosa).

  69. Transitional Epithelium: Stratified epithelium. Layers increase proximal to distal. ~2 in calyces, ~6 in urinary bladder Surface cells - "umbrella, dome shape" -protect cells from urine -Undistended: round, bulge into lumen. -Distended: flat Basal cells - stem cells. Lamina propria (part of mucosa).

  70. Distended surface cells of Transitional Epithelium.

  71. Undistended surface cells of Transitional Epithelium.

  72. Calyces, Renal Pelvis - Calyces and renal pelvis have THIN walls. -Thin lamina propria, muscularis, and adventitia. CD Minor Calyx Smooth Muscle Transitional epithelium Walls become thicker close to bladder.

  73. Urinary Bladder: -Thick epithelium and muscularis (detrusor muscle). Mucosa Lamina Propria Smooth Muscle

  74. Ureters: Thick muscularis (peristalsis Thin adventitia Smooth muscle Transitional epithelium

  75. Male Urethra Prostatic urethra: Transitional epithelium

  76. Male Urethra Membranous & spongy urethra: Pseudostratifed and stratified columnar epithelium.

  77. Male Urethra Distal spongy urethra: Stratified squamous epithelium (nonkeratinized).

  78. Fours major layers of GI.

    Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa & adventitia

  79. Esophagus - stratified squamous epithelium for protection. Red- Mucosa Blue- Submucosa Black- Muscularis externa Yellow- Serosa & Adventitia

  80. Mucosa of Esophagus: Epithelium: non-keratinized stratified squamous. Lamina propria Muscularis mucosa Submucosal of Esophagus: Inv. by submucosal plexus. Glands - submucosal glands. Ducts

  81. Describe the muscularis externa of esophagus.

    Swallowing begins with voluntary skeletal muscle, upper 1/3, ALL SM. Swallowing finishes with involunatry peristalsis, lower 1/3, ALL SM.

  82. Stomach Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa & adventitia.

  83. Stomach Simple columnar at the top and stratified squamous at bottom. Sharp transition. NO anatomical sphincter. GERD caused by weakness of esophageal "sphincter." GERD turns stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium.

  84. Mucosa of Stomach: Simple columnar epithelium invaginates into branches. Lamina propria. Muscularis mucosa.

  85. Mucous cells of Stomach:

  86. ????DOUBLE CHECK Parietal cells - secrete HCL -Large cell, acidophilic cytoplasm. From isthmus to base of glands. -Secrete instrisic factor for absorption of vit. B12; deficiency causes anemia. Chief cells - contain pepsinogen (inactive enzyme). -Basal RER, poor staining apical granules. -At base of glands. -Low pH from parietal cells activate pepsinogen -> Pepsin.

  87. Enteroendocrine cells - regulate gut function. -Small cell, clear cytoplasm. -Under TEM, granules that secrete gastrin from G cells. Top - Parietal cells Bottom - Chief cell V. Bottom - Muscularis mucosa

  88. TEM of Enteroendocrine cell with granules that secrete gastrin for gastric secretion.

  89. Enteroendocrine cell

  90. Submucosa of stomach Evaginations for the submucosa. Covered by mucosa and form gastric folds - rugae (purple). Rugae flatten to allow stomach expansion.

  91. Stomach Pyloric Sphincter - anatomical sphincter. Relaxation of sphincter and contraction of muscularis externa allows gastric emptying. Stomach / Duodenum

  92. Small Intestine - duodenum, jejunum, & ileum. GALT - Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue for immunity. Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa & adventitia

  93. Mucosa of Small Intestine

  94. Epithelium of mucosa Small Intestine -Simple columnar epithlium w/ microvilli. -Evaginates into villi (blue) -Invaginates into SHORT intestinal glands (compared to large intestines.

  95. Epithelial cell of Small Intestine. -Enterocyte (main epithelial cell) -Goblet cell -Paneth cell -M cell

  96. Goblet cell - PAS stain shows carbohydrate-rich mucinogen granules. -Has clear staining bubble with H&E (look towards microvilli). Epithelial cell of small intestine.

  97. Paneth cells have apical acidophilic granules. At the base of intestinal glands. Release antimicrobial compounds. Non-specific defense innate immunity. Epithelial cell of small intestine.

  98. Paneth cells have apical acidophilic granules. At the base of intestinal glands. Release antimicrobial compounds. Non-specific defense innate immunity. Epithelial cell of small intestine. Lamina propria Muscularis mucosa

  99. Enteroendocrine cell in Small Intestine Clear cytoplasm under LM. I cell - Secretes CCK -> empty bile from gallbladder. Secretes pancreatic enzymes. S cell - Secretes secretin. Secretion of watery alkaline fluid by pancreas.

  100. Top left - Enterocyte Enteroendocrine cell. Paneth cell. Goblet cell on right.