Health and Society

167 flashcards · Biology · by Luis Ángel López Chávez

1. What is health?

   It is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the abscemce of disease or infirmity.

2. What is the acronym for WHO?

   World Health Organization

3. Promotion of health and prevention of exposure of diseases is what level of prevention?

   Primary Prevention

4. What level of prevention is where there is slow progression of disease and there is an attempt of stopping it?

   Secondary Prevention

5. What level of prevention is where there is an attempt to live with the disease and stop further damage?

   Tertiary Prevention

6. What is the Natural History of Disease?

   It is the progression of a disease in an individual overtime and when there is no treatment

7. What are the 4 stages of the Natural History of Disease?

   Susceptibility Pre-symptomatic (sub-clinical) disease Clinical disease Recovery, Disability or Death

8. It means to how vulnerable you are to a disease. (You still do not have a disease)

   Susceptibility

9. You now have a disease but there are no symptoms

   Pre-symptomatic (Sub-clinical) disease

10. What is a symptom?

    It is something you feel

11. What is a disability?

    It is a limitation of a person´s activities including his role as a parent, wage earner, etc.

12. What is immunity?

    It is the capacity of the organism to remove or to eliminate strange substances, pathogenic and cancerous cells.

13. What are the 3 main types of pathogens?

    Bacteria, Viruses and Fungi

14. What are the 3 lines of barriers of the immune system?

    Protective Barrier (Skin and Mucous) Eater Cells (Killer cells and Macrophages) (non-specific) Smart Cells (Antibodies, T-cells and B-cells) (specific)

15. What are the 2 types of immunity?

    Active and Passive

16. What is the main difference between active and passive immunity?

    The active produces while the passive receives

17. What are the 2 types of active immunity?

    Natural (Infection) & Artificial (Vaccination)

18. What are the 2 types of passive immunity?

    Natural (Maternal Antibodies) & Artificial (Monoclonal Antibodies)

19. What are the 3 anatomical planes?

    Sagittal Plane Coronal Plane Transverse plane

20. What is this plane?

    Coronal or Frontal plane

21. What is this plane?

    Sagittal Plane

22. What is this plane?

    Transverse Plane

23. What are called the 2 parts that the division creates?

    Posterior (back) & Anterior (front)

24. What are called the 2 parts that the division creates?

    Superior (up) & Inferior (down)

25. What are called the 2 parts that the division creates?

    Left and Right

26. What are the 2 main cavities in the human body?

    Dorsal (posterior) & Ventral (Anterior) Cavity

27. The dorsal cavity is divided into 2 more cavities, cranial& spinal cavities

    The cranial cavity contains the cerebrum (brain) The spinal cavity contains the spinal cord The 2 cavities are continues

28. The ventral cavity is divided into 3 more cavities, thoracic, abdominal & pelvic cavities

    The thoracic cavity surrounded by ribs, the sternum and vertebral column The abdominal cavity is found between the diaphragm and the border of the pelvis. The pelvic cavity is found below the border of the pelvis.

29. What are the 2 cavities inside the thoracic cavity?

    Pericardial Cavity surrounds the heart 2 Pleural Cavities surround the lungs

30. What are the 4 main types of tissues?

    Epilethial Connective Muscular Nervous

31. What are the functions of the Epilethial tissues?

    Protection Secretion Absortion Excretion Filtration

32. What are the cell shapes for the Epilethial tissues?

    Squaumous (flat) Cuboidal (square) Columnar (rectangular)

33. What ate the number of layers for the Epilethial tissues?

    Simple (1 layer) Stratified (several layers) Pseudostratified (1 layer that looks like 2)

34. Epithelium that secretes a product is a gland

    A gland can be a single epithelial cell such as a goblet cell that secretes mucus, or various cells

35. What are the 3 types of glands?

    Exocrine (secretes products into ducts) Endocrine (secrete products into the bloodstream) Mixed (endocrine & exocrine)

36. Digestion takes place within a tube called the digestive tract which begins with the mouth and ends with the anus

    The functions of the digestive system are Ingest Food Digest food into nutrients that can cross plasma membranes Absorb nutrients Eliminate indegestible remains

37. What are the 2 types of digestion?

    Mechanical and Chemical

38. Explain mechanical digestion.

    Large pieces of food become smaller pieces. It begins with the chewing of food in the mouth.

39. The pathway of food is: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.

    Mouth: Receives food and starts digestion of starch Pharynx: Passageway Esophagus: Passageaway Stomach: Storage of food. Acidity kills bacteria and starts digestion of proteins. Small Intestine: Digestion of all foods and absorption of nutrients Large Intestine: Absorption of water and storage of indigestive remains.

40. What are the mechanical parts of the pathaway of food?

    Mouth Pharynx Esophagus

41. What are the chemical parts of the pathaway of food?

    Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine

42. The mouth contains:

    Tongue Roof (soft & hard palate) Teeth

43. It receives air from the nasal cavities and food from the mouth:

    Pharynx

44. What are the parts if the pharynx?

    Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

45. Is a muscular tube that joins with the stomach in the abdominal cavity

    Esophagus

46. A rhythmic contraction called peristalsis pushes the food along the digestive tract.

47. It is a thick-walled, J-shaped organ that lies on the left side of the abdominal cavity below the liver & the diaphragm. It is the stomach.

    It is about 25cm long, the diameter varies, depending on how full it is.

48. The 3 parts of the small intestine are: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

    The small intestine is about 6 meters long

49. It absorbs nutrients and digests foods

    Small intestine

50. It absorbs water, salts, and some vitamins

    Large intestine

51. What are the 4 parts of the colon (large intestine)?

    Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid

52. What are the 5 digestive diseases?

    Gastroesophageal Reflux Gastritis/Peptic Ulcer Parasites Irritable Colon Syndrome Stones in Gallbladder/Gallstones

53. The stomach acid returns to the tube that connects to the mouth. It can irritare the lining of the esophagus. There is chest burns and can be provoked by obesity. The treatment includes antiacids

    Gastroesophageal Reflux

54. Pain in the stomach, loss of appetite, burning feeling, indegestion, holes and sores in the lining of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum. The treatment includes antiacids.

    Gastritis/Peptic Ulcer

55. Loss of appetite, fatigue, never feeling full after meals. Caused by the touching of feces. Treatment includes deworming

    Parasites

56. It makes the skin or sclera yellow. There are solid particles in the gallbladder. Treatment includes a balances diet.

    Stones in Gallbladder/Gallstones

57. Occurs in the large intestine and there is abdominal pain or discomfort. You are constipated

    Irritable Colon Syndrome

58. It produces bile and filters blood

    Liver

59. It stores bile and is located under the liver

    Gallbladder

60. What are the 4 accessory organs of the digestive system?

    Pancreas Liver Gallbladder Salivary Glands

61. It produces insulin, enzymes and hormones. Regulates blood sugar

    Pancreas

62. What are the functions of the respiratory system?

    Entrance and exit of air into and out of the lungs Exchange of gases between air and blood Exchange of gases blood and tissue fluid Production of ATP cells

63. It filters, warms, and moistens air. It has 2 cavities that are separated by the septum

    Nose

64. It connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx

    Pharynx

65. It is the structure between pharynx and trachea, Contains vocal cords,

    Larynx

66. Connects the larynx to the bronchi

    Trachea

67. Soft paired organs that contain the bronchial tree

    Lungs

68. The trachea divides into 2

    Bronchi

69. Each bronchi have many smaller branches called:

    Bronchioles

70. Site of gas exchange between air and blood. They are like air sacs and are surrounded by capillaries

    Alveoli

71. What are the types of Respiratory Volumes?

    Tidal Volume Vital Capacity Residual Volume

72. Type of respiratory volume in which air normally moves in and out of the lungs

    Tidal Volume

73. Type of respiratory volume in which its the maximum volume of air that can be moved out in and out

    Vital Capacity

74. Type of respiratory volume in which its the air that remains in the lungs and is no longer useful for gas exchange

    Residual Volume

75. What is called the 2 membranes that surround the lungs?

    Pleura

76. It is considered the active phase of breathing

    Inspiration

77. It is considered passive phase of breathing

    Expiration

78. Phase in which the diaphragm and the external intercostals muscles contract

    Inspiration

79. The rib cage moves upward and outwards

    Inspiration

80. The rib cage moves down and inwards

    Expiration

81. Type of respiration that refers to the exchange of gases between air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries.

    External Respiration

82. Type of respiration that refers to the exchange of gases between capillaries and tissue fluid

    Internal Respiration

83. Respiratory disorder in which the airways are inflamed and filled with mucus. Is caused by smoking.

    Chronical Bronchitis

84. Respiratory disorder which provokes chest pains and is caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Alveoli fiil with thick fluid.

    Pneumonia

85. Respiratory disorder that provokes wheezing and causes spasms and irritated airways.

    Asthma

86. One of its symptoms is chronic bronchitis. Alveoli are damaged and airways are narrowed.

    Ephysema

87. It is a mild infection, provokes sneezing and a runny nose. It is caused by a virus

    Common Cold

88. Function of the cardiovascular system

    Circulates blood throughout the body.

89. Blood carries gases & nutrients TO and FROM the tissues

90. What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

    Arteries Capillaries Veins

91. Which blood vessel takes blood AWAY from the heart and to the capillaries?

    Arteries

92. Which blood vessel takes blood BACK to the heart from the capillaries?

    Veins

93. Which blood vessel is the site of gas and nutrient exchange?

    Capillaries

94. The arteries have oxigenated blood, while the veins have non-oxigenated blood

95. Which side of the heart is bigger, right or left?

    Right is bigger

96. The atrium and the ventricle of the right side are separated by the tricuspid valve

    Mitral or tricuspid

97. The atrium and the ventricle of the left side are separated by the mitral valve

    Mitral or tricuspid

98. Side which pumps oxigenated blood to the body.

    Left Side

99. Side which pumps non-oxigenated blood to the lungs.

    Right Side

100. Which is the only artery that carries non-oxigenated blood?

     Pulmonary Artery