grammar 1

213 flashcards · English · by Evelkia

Syntactic definition: comprising words that typically refer to a thing or a person. Head of a NP. Inherit flection of number, gender, case. E.g. Cat, he, many, …
noun
A word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence. Needs noun, sometimes more. E.g. hear, become, happen, …
verb
A word or expression that links a subject with its predicate. E.g. a form of be, become, feel, seem, …
linking verb
(Woordsoort) a category to which a word is assigned in accordance with its syntactic functions. E.g. noun, pronoun, adjective, determiner, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.
part of speech
A word naming an attribute of a noun. E.g. sweet, red, technical, etc. Violent girl.
adjectives
All the clause constituents that are governed by a verb, nominalization, or adjective. "information as to a verb's complementation tells the learner about its meaning" E.g. That girl is holy.
complementation
A word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and Expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause. E.g. Below the belt, with all his heart, …
preposition
A small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit, typically forming a component of a clause. Has at least a head (pronouns, nouns, name, …)
phrase
A word that can function as a noun phrase used by itself and that refers either to the participants in the discourse or to someone or something mentioned elsewhere in the discourse. E.g. I, you, she, it, this, …
pronoun
A word or group of words containing a noun and functioning in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object. E.g. Violent girl, Mary, the girl, …
Noun phrase (NP)
Verbs combined with linking verbs form verb phrases. Verb phrases can consist of one to three linking verbs, and action verbs, and sometimes any complements (such as objects or direct objects). E.g. She can smell the pizza. (can smell = VP)
Verb phrase (VP)
An antecedent is an expression (word, phrase, clause, sentence, etc.) that gives its meaning to a PRO form. E.g. Willy said he likes chocolate (Willy: noun, he: antecedent)
Antecedent
(gezegde) States something about the subject. E.g. John went home.
predicate
(lijdend voorwerp) A noun phrase denoting a person or thing that is the recipient of the action of a transitive verb[Ma1] . E.g. Jeremy fed the dog. [Ma1]?
Direct object
Also known as helper verbs or helping verbs, are minor verbs that support the sentence's main verb to communicate complex grammar concepts like aspects of time or modality. E.g. It is raining.
Auxiliary verb
A word formed from a verb and used as an adjective or a noun. E.g. it is raining.
Participle
(spreekwoord) a short, well-known pithy saying, stating a general truth or piece of advice. E.g. A Cat Has Nine Lives.
proverb
Any sentence that is positive.
affirmative sentence
Typically feature a word order with the predicate and primary verb before the subject. They are often accompanied by interrogative pronouns. E.g. Who was the last speaker?
question
A sentence that represents a negative thought, action or opinion. It can be an assertive sentence or a declarative sentence which has no negative words. It is a statement with the word 'not' after the verb. E.g. I cannot help you with your homework as I would be late.
negative sentence
When an indefinite pronoun suggests the quantity of something, it acts as a quantifier. E.g. more, some, many, few, etc.
quantifying prnoun
The sentence refers to a direct action. E.g. Everybody ran.
action
The grammatical relationship of one constituent to another within a syntactic construction. E.g. Adjunct, complement, grammatical relation, head, modifier, predicate, etc.
syntactic function
The underlying relationship that a participant has with the main verb in a clause. E.g. If, in some real or imagined situation, someone named John purposely hits someone named Bill, then John is the agent and Bill is the patient of the hitting event. Therefore, the semantic role of Bill is the same (patient) in both of the following sentences: John hit Bill. Bill was hit by John. In both of the above sentences, John has the semantic role of agent.
semantic function
Within a semantic function, the verb is played out by this participant. E.g. John hit Bill.
agent
Within a semantic function, the participant is on the receiving end of the verb. E.g. John hit Bill. (Bill was hit by John.)
patient
A grammatical voice in which a subject performs the action described by its verb. In an active sentence, the subject normally precedes the verb. (continuous) E.g. She threw the ball.
active voice
A verb is in this grammatical voice when the subject of the sentence is acted on by the verb. (perfect) E.g. The ball was thrown by her.
passive voice
A verb that has an s added to it in the present tense. E.g. writes, runs, has, was, etc.
singular verb
The way that a word has a form appropriate to the number or gender of the noun or pronoun it relates to. E.g. 'She hates it', there is ------- between the singular form of the verb and the singular pronoun 'she'.
concord
A word or group of words that completes a grammatical construction. It is part of the predicate of a sentence and describes either the subject of the sentence or the direct object. E.g. They were students.
complements
(meewerkend voorwerp) A noun phrase referring to someone or something that is affected by the action of a transitive verb. E.g. Give him the book.
indirect object
A verb that requires an object to receive the action. E.g. Correct: ‘The speaker discussed different marketing strategies in the video.’ Incorrect: ‘The speaker discussed in the video.’ The verb "discuss" requires an object
transitive verb
Verbs with two arguments in addition to the subject: a “recipient” or “addressee” argument, and a “theme” argument. E.g. buy, give, grant, lend, make, pass, send, serve, show, teach, tell, etc.
Ditransitive verb (secondary transitive verb)
A noun that denotes a person who receives an action. E.g. for me
recipient
Process of changing a verb or sentence into the passive. In principle, every complement NP may fill the subject slot. E.g. Everybody yelled at poor Trudy. Poor Trudy was yelled at by everybody.
passivation
(Voorzetsel voorwerp) The noun or pronoun that the preposition affects or describes. E.g. The apple in the tree ‘In’ is the preposition, and ‘tree’ is the object.
prepositional object
Words, phrases, and clauses that complete the meaning of a noun or noun phrase. Unlike noun phrase modifiers that modify or describe a noun or noun phrase, noun phrase complements complete the meaning of a noun or noun phrase. E.g. The claim that the earth is flat was once considered true.
NP complement
A subject complement is a word or phrase that follows a linking verb and identifies or describes the subject. E.g. Rajiv is a psychiatric nurse.
subject complement
A phrase that contains an adjective. A phrase that acts as an adjective by describing a noun. E.g. Rajiv is a psychiatric nurse.
Adjectival phrase (adj. P)
A special kind of verb used to join an adjective or noun complement to a subject. A linking verb. E.g. to be, seem, appear, get, become, etc.
copular verb
When a noun phrase follows a direct object in a clause with a transitive verb. E.g. The club elected Lisa president.
object complement
(Or adverbial phrase) a group of words that acts as an adverb to modify the main clause of a sentence. E.g. Once upon a time, the lady lived here.
adverb phrase (adv. P)
Includes adverbs of time or place. Adverbials are marginal/optional. Adverbials are often placed at the beginning or end of a sentence. E.g. We’ll see you again tomorrow. Here, there, outside, in the morning, tomorrow, Friday, etc.
adverbial complements
The branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning.
semantics
In linguistics, morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language.
morphology
Language. Relating to the grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence.
syntactic
A word or phrase functioning as a major clause constituent and typically expressing place, time, or manner. E.g. in the garden, in May, in a strange way, etc.
adverbial
An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb in its sentence. In other words, an adverbial clause is a clause that does the same thing as an adverb. E.g. He bakes cakes before he leaves for work every Sunday. (adverb would be weekly)
adverbial clause
Part of the predicate’s meaning.
clause-internal
Not part of the subject or predicate. E.g. Frankly, my dear, I don’t give a damn.
clause-external
A unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence in rank and in traditional grammar said to consist of a subject and predicate.
clause
E.g. however, contrast, similarly, in line with, etc.
constituent
Attached to or modifying a noun.
adnominal
A noun case which is used mainly to show possession. E.g. dog’s, Anne’s, etc.
genitive
Words are gendered, but not always the real sex. Feminine, masculine, neuter.
grammatical gender
Refers to the way words are changed or added to give a special meaning.
marked
Normal meaning of a word.
unmarked
The grammatical term indicating that a noun or pronoun is the subject of a sentence or clause rather than its object. E.g. I, he, she, etc.
nominative
The accusative case of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. E.g. me, him, her, us, them.
accusative
Animate/inanimate. Determines gender. E.g. Girl – she, book – it, ship – she, etc.
Animacy (nouns)
Who/what? E.g. The man who, what is that, etc.
Human / non-human (nouns)
E.g. the family is/are – in this case, the noun is singular, but refers to multiple members, so ‘is’ and ‘are’ are both correct. (collective/single nouns)
Individuating / collective (nouns)
Count nouns are countable. Mass nouns are uncountable. E.g. Count: many, a glass of water, a loaf of bread, etc. Mass: much, water, sugar, bread, beer, etc.
Count nouns / mass nouns
(count) Many, several, few, a number of, etc. (mass) Much, little, a fair amount of, a good deal of, etc.
Quantifier
A type of noun which exists only in the plural. E.g. Jeans, glasses, etc.
Summation plurals
The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
syntax
The whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology (including inflections) and sometimes also phonology and semantics.
grammar
A word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc. E.g. Gently, quite, then, there, etc.
adverb
Traditionally understood as the use of one word as the inflected form of another word when the two words are not cognate. E.g. Good -> well (not goodly)
Suppletive form
A group of words consisting of a preposition, its object, and any words that modify the object. E.g. Is she really going out with that guy?
Prepositional phrase
A noun that serves as the name for a specific place, person, or thing. They are always capitalized in English. E.g. Disneyland, Google, Saturday, etc.
proper noun
One in which a word or phrase implied by context is omitted from a sentence.
elliptic genitive
A word which is used at the beginning of a noun group to indicate, for example, which thing you are referring to or whether you are referring to one thing or several. E.g. a, the, some, this, each, etc.
determiner
E.g. the, my, your, his, her, its, our, their, whose, this, that, these, those.
Definite determiner
A noun that describes a type of person, thing, or place or that names a concept.
common noun
A category of nouns and noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and numerals) which corresponds to one or more potential grammatical functions for a nominal group in a wording.
case
Words that behave in a regular way. Most words.
open class noun
Irregular nouns. E.g. mouse -> mice
closed class noun
Smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word (or word element) from another. //
phonemes
A written symbol that represents a sound (phoneme). < >
graphemes
A meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided. E.g. ‘come’ + ‘ing’ = coming
morphemes
A variant phonetic form of a morpheme, or, a unit of meaning that varies in sound and spelling without changing the meaning. E.g. the ending -s, indicating plural in “cats,” “dogs,” the -es in “dishes,” and the -en of “oxen” are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.
allomorphs
Voiced: Voiced signals are produced when the vocal cords vibrate during the pronunciation of a phoneme. Unvoiced: Unvoiced signals, by contrast, do not entail the use of the vocal cords.
voicing
A sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves towards another. E.g. loud
diphthong
Sounds directly created by the tongue or lips.
non-sibilant
(Of a speech sound) sounded with a hissing effect. E.g. s, sh.
sibilant
A noun borrowed from another language that has kept its original plural form rather than adapt the usual English plural ending of -s. E.g. alumnus -> alumni
foreign plurals
English.
Anglo
Latin.
Latinate
(how): angrily, happily, fast, hard, nicely, etc.
Adverbs of manner
(where): here, there, upstairs, at the end of the garden, etc.
Adverbs of place
(when): today, soon, this morning, in June, etc.
Adverbs of time
Usually, normally, always, often, frequently, occasionally, always, seldom, rarely, every week, etc.
Adverbs of (in)definite frequency
(join a clause to what came before): however, then, next, besides, anyway, etc.
Connecting (linking) adverbs
Certainly, maybe, etc.
Adverbs of certainty
Completely, practically, nearly, hardly, kind of, etc.
Adverbs of degree
(give the speaker’s opinion): surprisingly, lucky, etc.
Comment adverbs
Also, just, even, mainly, mostly, either, or, neither, etc.
Focusing adverbs
(intensifiers): extremely, terribly, really, right, etc.
Emphasising adverbs