OB 9

36 flashcards · Other · by Daniel F.

1. Drawbacks to group decision making

   • takes longer • Conformity pressure • Decision made by just a few members in hierarchical groups • Ambiguity about responsibility

2. The challanger space shuttle , 29/01/1986

   Tecnical problems: "o-ring" - gas leaks - closure, low temps Human cause: wrong decision making - launch program too ambitous - not enough infor - finance pressure

3. why does social loafing effect expectancy?

   Expectancy Theory ▪ Will my contribution enhance collective performance? ▪ Will better collective performance affect me personally?

4. Ingroup

   The members of a group we belong to. We tend to play favorites with our ingroup

5. Status characteristics theory

   A theory that states that differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups.

6. Cohesiveness

   The shared bond driving group members to work together and to stay in the group.

7. what can you do to encourage group cohesiveness

8. group diversity

   The extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different from, one another.

9. Group

   Two or more individuals, interacting + interdependent, -come together to achieve certain common objectives, norms, common identity Formal group A designated work group defined by an organization’s structure. Informal group A group that is not defined by an organization’s structure; such a group appears in response to other needs, such as social clubs or interest groups

10. interacting groups

    Typical groups in which members interact with each other, relying on both verbal and nonverbal communication.

11. Outgroup

    occurs when we see members of our group as better than other people + people not in our group as all the same

12. Brainstorming

    An idea-generation process that specifically encourages any and all alternatives while withholding any criticism of those alternatives.

13. Nominal group technique

    A group decision making method in which individual members meet face to face to pool their judgments in a systematic but independent fashion.

14. Role

    A function assumed by someone occupying a given position in a group.

15. common defects in decision making

    Not searching for alternatives No clear goal setting No risk analysis No reconsideration of actions No additional information search Ignoring negative information

16. Benefits of group decision making

    • Access to information • Diverse perspectives on problems • Greater acceptance of decisions

17. social identity theory

    A perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups.

18. Role conflict

    A situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations.

19. deviant workplace behavior/antisocial behavior/ workplace incivility

    Voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and, in so doing, threatens the well-being of the organization or its members.

20. Social Laofing

    The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually. the bigger the group = less individual effort (expectancy theory )

21. ways to prevent social loafing

22. norm

    Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members.

23. groupthink

    A phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.

24. groupshift

    A change between a group’s decision and an individual decision that a member within the group would make; the shift can be toward either conservatism or greater risk, but it generally is toward a more extreme version of the group’s original position.

25. steps of the nominal group technique

26. why does conformity occur

    informational Influence: Validating social perceptions Normative Influence: Maintain social affiliation

27. status

    A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by other What determines status The power a person wields over others A person’s ability to contribute to a group’s goals An individual’s personal characteristics High status individuals may be more likely to deviate from norms when they have low identification with the group High status people are also better able to resist conformity pressures than are their lower status peers. In general bringing high status members introdu…

28. deviant workplace behavior/antisocial behavior/ workplace incivility

    Voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and, in so doing, threatens the well-being of the organization or its members

29. reference groups

    Important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong and which adopt norms with which individuals are most likely to conform.

30. conformity

    The adjustment of one’s behavior to align with the norms of the group.

31. interrole conflict

    when the expectations of the different groups we belong to are in direct opposition

32. Psychological contract

    An unwritten agreement between employees and employers that establishes mutual expectations.

33. role expectations

    How others believe a person should act in a given situation.

34. role perception

    An individual’s view of how they are supposed to act in a given situation.

35. punctuated equilibrium model

    A set of phases that temporary groups go through that involve transitions between inertia and activity

36. ingroup favoritism

    we see members of our group as better than other people + people not in our group as all the same