honors bio semester two unit 1

31 flashcards · Biology · by HADLEY GREEN

1. contributions of Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, and Watson / Crick to the structure of DNA

   wilkins: DNA structure franklin: DNA is a helix watson / crick: structure of DNA

2. what is the relationship between a nucleotide and a nucleic acid?

   nucleotides are monomer of nucleic acid

3. determined the bonding patterns A - T and G - C because of their percent in any given sample of DNA

   Chargraff's rules

4. list the enzymes involved with DNA replication

   DNA topoisomerase, DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase

5. why is the new strand on a replicating DNA molecule made in fragments on one side but continuous on the other?

   DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the parent strand in the 3' to 5' direction

6. main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication

   prokaryote: single replication site (both directions) eukaryote: hundreds of replication sites (both directions)

7. what is the result of DNA replication

   two identical DNA molecules

8. what are the differences / similarities between animal and plant DNA

   same bases, nucleotides, and structure - different ATGC sequences, number of chromosomes, genes, total bases

9. give two examples for the use of DNA extraction

   gather evidence in a crime scene, missing persons / identification

10. what are the differences between DNA and RNA?

    sugar, nitrogenous bases, double / single stranded, home

11. what are the three types of RNA?

    tRNA, mRNA, rRNA

12. which enzyme is involved in adding RNA nucleotides to the building strand of RNA?

    RNA polymerase

13. what is the result of transcriptions and where does it take place?

    mRNA and nucleus

14. what is the resulting mRNA from the following DNA template strand: TAC CTT CGA TAG GAT GAC GAT ACT

    AUG GAA GCU AUC GUG CUA UGA

15. why is mRNA made from the DNA template and not the DNA coding strand?

    makes complementary strand of mRNA

16. what is the result of translation and where does it take place?

    protein - in the cytoplasm at the ribosome

17. a mistake in the genetic code

    mutation

18. what are the two categories of gene mutations?

    point mutation, frameshift mutation

19. what are the three types of gene mutations?

    deletion, inversion, substitution

20. what is a chromosomal mutation? give an example

    a mutation that involved the number of structure of the chromosome

21. what is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression?

    prokaryote - operons regulate multiple genes eukaryote - single promoter per gene

22. what is the function of regulatory sites on DNA? do they occur downstream or upstream the gene?

    where repressor proteins can bind to regulate transcription

23. does every single base pair in DNA code for protein?

    no - other regions protein can bind to

24. what does it mean for a gene to be "expressed?"

    the protein is being made

25. discovered through the use of pneumonia causing bacteria that transformation occurred among bacteria transferring some factor that changed the harmless bacteria into the harmful

    griffith's experiment

26. identified that transformation didn't occur when nucleic acid was destroyed (using elimination) concluding that DNA is the hereditary material

    avery's experiment

27. confirmed that nucleic acid was the hereditary material through the use of bacteriophages

    hershey and chase experiment

28. role of DNA topoisomerase

    unwinds DNA by breaking the super coil

29. role of DNA helicase

    unzips DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between bases

30. role of DNA polymerase

    adds free-floating DNA nucleotides to growing strand

31. role of DNA ligase

    finishes connection between the small fragments on the non-continuous strand to be continuous