Nervous System

Neurons, transmitters, brain parts. From Crash Course series: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QY9NTVh-Awo, great book: https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/1-5-homeostasis/, khan academy: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-body-structure-and-homeostasis/a/tissues-organs-organ-systems

31 flashcards · Biology · by lakesare

Name 2 cells nervous tissue consists of.
neurons glial cells
Name 3 parts of a neuron.
Where is CNS vs PNS located?
CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, PNS includes all other nervous system tissue. CNS neurons are encased in the bones of the skull and spinal vertebrae.PNS neurons are not encased in bone; rather, they travel through or lie on top of muscle, organ and skin tissue.
What 3 types are neurons typically divided into?
Sensory neurons get information about what's going on inside and outside of the body and bring that information into the CNS so it can be processed. If you picked up a hot coal, sensory neurons with endings in your fingertips would convey the information to your CNS that it was really hot. Motor neurons get information from other neurons and convey commands to your muscles, organs and glands. If you picked up a hot coal, motor neurons innervating the muscles in your fingers would cause your han…
What is the function of myelin?
It helps convey the nerve impulse rapidly. Myelin sheath acts as an insulator to minimize dissipation of the electrical signal as it travels down the axon, greatly increasing the speed on conduction. This insulation is important as the axon from a human motor neuron can be as long as a meter: from the base of the spine to the toes. Myelin is produced by glial cells. Finally, many axons are covered with a special insulating substance called myelin, which helps them convey the nerve impulse rapid…
If you touch a hot pan, __________ neurons tell your brain "it's hot!" and __________ neurons are used to quickly move your hand away
If you touch a hot pan, _____sensory_____ neurons tell your brain "it's hot!" and _____motor_____ neurons are used to quickly move your hand away
Name 2 subtypes of Peripheral Nervous System (voluntary VS involuntary).
Somatic nervous system - controls all voluntary muscular systems within the body. Autonomic nervous system - controls visceral functions that occur below the level of consciousness
PNS is divided into Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System. What is ANS divided into (calming VS activating divisions)?
Sympathetic division - crisis of the now (fight or flight) Parasympathetic division - everything else (rest&digest or feed&breed) The sympathetic division typically functions in actions requiring quick responses. The parasympathetic division functions with actions that do not require immediate reaction.
What does a nerve consist of?
Nerve consists of many neurons' axons. A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibres called axons, in the peripheral nervous system.
What are the receptors for pain called?
Nociceptors
What's ganglion?
Just a group of neuron cell bodies. [нервный узел]
What's pseudoganglion?
Pseudoganglion is a localized thickening of the main part or trunk of a nerve that has the appearance of a ganglion, but has only axons and no nerve cell bodies.
Afferent vs efferent axons?
afferent - affect brain (go to the brain/spinal cord) efferent - allow the brain to effect change (go from the brain/spinal cord). These terms have a slightly different meaning in the context of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS).In the PNS, afferent and efferent projections are always from the perspective of the spinal cord (see figures). PNS afferents are the axons of sensory neurons carrying sensory information from all over the body, into the spine. PNS eff…
What's brainstem?
The brainstem is the posterior part of the brain, continuous with the spinal cord. In the human brain the brainstem includes the midbrain, the pons, and medulla oblongata of the hindbrain. Ten pairs of cranial nerves come from the brainstem.
What's a cranial nerve?
Nerves that emerge directly from the brain. Each cranial nerve is paired and is present on both sides. Depending on definition in humans there are twelve or thirteen cranial nerves pairs, which are assigned Roman numerals I–XII, sometimes also including cranial nerve zero. The numbering of the cranial nerves is based on the order in which they emerge from the brain, front to back (brainstem).
All cranial nerves are paired, which means that they occur on both the right and left sides of the body. What's meant by ipsilateral VS contralateral cranial nerves?
ipsilateral: same side of the body contralateral: opposite side of the body The muscle, skin, or additional function supplied by a nerve on the same side of the body as the side it originates from, is referred to an ipsilateral function. If the function is on the opposite side to the origin of the nerve, this is known as a contralateral function.
The most common type of local anesthetic in dentistry is injecting to block sensation in inferior alveolar nerve. What cranial nerve is inferior alveolar nerve a branch of?
Trigeminal cranial nerve. The inferior alveolar nerve (sometimes called the inferior dental nerve) is a branch of the mandibular nerve, which is itself the third branch of the trigeminal nerve.
What's a synapse?
Synapse is a CONNECTION between some neuron's axon terminal and some neuron's dendrite. Sherrington struggled to find a good term that emphasized a union between two separate elements, and the actual term "synapse" was suggested by the English classical scholar Arthur Woollgar Verrall, a friend of Foster.
Name 2 types of synapses. Synapses can be classified by the type of cellular structures serving as the pre- and post-synaptic components.
axon terminal into bloodstream axon terminal into dendrite spine axon terminal into axon axon terminal into extracellular fluid axon terminal into soma axon terminal into axon terminal The vast majority of synapses in the mammalian nervous system are classical axo-dendritic synapses (axon synapsing upon a dendrite), however, a variety of other arrangements exist.
What's olfactory sensory system?
A sense of smell.
What's Kalium (K) named in english?
Potassium
What's Natrium (Na) named in english?
Sodium
What's formula for salt?
NaCl (Sodium chloride)
Bipolar neuron VS multipolar neuron?
Bipolar - 1 axon, 1 dendrite Multipolar - 1 axon, many dendrites Common examples are the retina bipolar cell, the ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve, the extensive use of bipolar cells to transmit efferent (motor) signals to control muscles, olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium for smell (axons form the olfactory nerve), and neurons in the spiral ganglion for hearing (CN VIII).
Graded potential VS action potential?
graded potential - amplitude is proportional to the strength of the stimulus. action potential - amplitude is all-or-none, strength of the stimulus is coded in the frequency of all-or-none action potentials generated.
What's the input zone of the neuron?
Dendrites
Why are projection neurons called so?
They grow axons that project outward away from the cell body over a considerable distance.
What's the functionality of glial cells?
What's venter in latin? ventral
Belly. Late Middle English from Latin venter, ventr- 'belly'.
What's dorsum in latin? dorsal
Back. Late Middle English from late Latin dorsalis, from Latin dorsum 'back'.
In what lobes do: vision hearing touch senses reside?
vision - occipital lobe hearing - temporal lobe touch - parietal lobe Frontal lobe is involved with integrating sensory functions. The primary receiving area for vision occupies most of the occipital lobe; the area for hearing is located in part of the temporal lobe; and the area for the skin senses—touch, temperature, and pain—is located in an area in the parietal lobe.